Nixon The Media

Nixon The Media Superpower's today don't depend vigorously on such factors as land, military and populace any longer. They depend on something more prominent; an undetectable hand, to control the eyes, ears, and discernment on land limits, just as individuals' information. At present, the United States of America is the world's superpower. The nation's leaders in this manner got known to be the most remarkable pioneers on the planet. The main power that can change a president's status effectively is the media, which can surpass the intensity of the Supreme Court and the forces of Congress, set up. This influence was exemplified on account of Richard Nixon, America's President during 1968-1974. In the event that it were not for the media, this man would at present be remaining as a blameless inheritance in American history; the media had provided the ability to uncover Nixon and carried him to justice.The media is an amazing political device and to an enormous degree the media decides the sheers and disappointments of politicans .Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of the Unite...Throughout his profession he put together his sheers with respect to controlling the media. The capacity to control data in his profession empowered Nixon to utilize the media as a weapon against his adversaries, manhandling the First Amendment.In America, the First Amendment ensures the right to speak freely including the press . The media can be useful by illuminating the open what they should think about government officials and embarrassments. The long stretches of Richard Nixon's administration were loaded with misinterpretations and outrages that were never talked about preceding his presentation in the media. Maybe the first run through Americans had truly encountered the intensity of the media engaging with White House insider facts was during the Nixon Scandal .Nixon's experience might not have made him the most joyful all things considered, however his encounters set up the individual of wh at his identity was.

How to Write Good College Essays

Step by step instructions to Write Good College Essays Step by step instructions to Write Good College Essays Composing a school exposition may appear to be abundantly convoluted initially. In any case, on the off chance that you comprehend what is required from you and how to merit your perusers gratefulness, you get all opportunities to succeed. This article will assist you with becoming acquainted with some extraordinary insider facts of composing great school papers. Mull over them, and you make certain to pick up composing great school papers. Furthermore, commit two or three minutes of your opportunity to peruse an article on great research project themes, how to compose a decent school exposition, and survey a rundown of good paper points: The most effective method to compose great school articles: Secret 1. Maintain a strategic distance from clichés When composing a school paper, you should remember that the council glances through many totally indistinguishable expositions. Along these lines, so as to succeed, you have to make a standing apart paper. Think about some restrictive data about you so as to pull in the perusers consideration from the main sight. The most effective method to compose great school papers: Secret 2. Set up a connection among you and your peruser Show the peruser that it is simple for you to converse with him/her. Envision that you are having a discussion with a questioner who is attempting to expose you. Notwithstanding, mind that a variety of individuals will peruse your paper. In this way, be cautious when discussing the passing of your nearby individuals or something private. Step by step instructions to compose great school articles: Secret 3. Be straightforward You know, the peruser doesn't hope to see a hero in you. In this way, there is no requirement for you to misrepresent your capacities. Instructions to compose great school expositions: Secret 4. Concentrate on your qualities yet don't dismiss your shortcomings This is here and there implies being genuine to the peruser. In addition, there are no ideal individuals, so on the off chance that you center around your qualities just, the peruser may feel that you keep down something. The most effective method to compose great school articles: Secret 5. Use humor Utilize significant jokes yet be cautious with them. Various individuals have diverse comical inclination. The most effective method to compose great school articles: Secret 6. Make an infectious presentation and powerful end For the most part, these two sections establish the last connections from perusing. That is the reason it is so critical to invest enough energy making them powerful. Step by step instructions to compose great school expositions: Secret 7. Check and inquire The more slip-ups you will locate, the more possibilities you should get a high evaluation on your paper. Step by step instructions to compose great school articles: Secret 8. Put stock in yourself! Keep in mind, the person who consistently ponders achievement will absolutely succeed! Along these lines, good karma with your school paper! On the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea how to compose great school articles and need proficient assistance with composing, don't stop for a second to put in a request on our site and get your school paper composed by proficient scholars! Related posts: Arrangement Essay Paper Writing Guide Paper Help Draft Essay Rough Paper Editing Service

The Im??rt?n?? of Product Positioning t? the M?rk?ting Pl?n

The Im??rt?n?? of Product Positioning t? the M?rk?ting Pl?n Have ??u ?v?r w?nd?r?d h?w m?rk?t?r? kn?w wh?t product t? bring t? ??ur door ?t???Well, they looked you up.That way, it seems like they’ve just got that stuff you are looking for at the time you are looking for it.If on the other hand as a marketer you wonder how your colleagues are making huge sales.Well, they sell more because they position better.Product positioning is a f?rm ?f m?rk?ting th?t ?r???nt? the b?n?fit? of ??ur product to a ??rti?ul?r t?rg?t ?udi?n??. Thr?ugh m?rk?t research and focus gr?u??, m?rk?t?r? ??n d?t?rmin? which audience t? t?rg?t b???d ?n favorable r????n??? to the ?r?du?t. It’s almost like magic.R????r?h can ?l?? d?t?rmin? which ?r?du?t b?n?fit? ?r? th? m??t appealing to th?m.Knowing this inf?rm?ti?n h?l?? streamline m?rk?ting efforts ?nd ?r??t? ?ff??tiv? marketing m????g?? th?t driv? m?r? l??d? and ??l??.It ?l?? h?l?? diff?r?nti?t? th? ?r?du?t ?r service fr?m th? ??m??titi?n in th? m?rk?t?l???.Pr?du?t ???iti?ning i? ?n im??rt?nt ??m??n?nt ?f ?n? m?rk?t ing plan, but it d???n’t h?v? t? b? limited t? ?n? ?udi?n??.F?r example, a ?r?du?t m?? h?v? a m?in t?rg?t ?udi?n?? ?nd ?l?? a ????nd?r? ?udi?n?? th?t i? also int?r??t?d in the ?r?du?t, but ??rh??? in a diff?r?nt w??.E??h audience will find th? product ?????ling for diff?r?nt reasons, which is wh? it’? im??rt?nt to tailor marketing m????g?? t? f??u? on th? b?n?fit? each ?udi?n?? v?lu?? m??t.Elements ?f Pr?du?t PositioningPr?du?t ???iti?ning can involve a number ?f different ?l?m?nt?. A ?r?du?t can be ???iti?n?d in a f?v?r?bl? way f?r a t?rg?t audience through ?dv?rti?ing, th? channels ?dv?rti??d thr?ugh, th? ?r?du?t packaging, ?nd ?v?n th? way the product i? ?ri??d. F?r ?x?m?l?, market research m?? have revealed that the ?r?du?t is ???ul?r among mothers. What d? th?? lik? ?b?ut th? ?r?du?t? Wh?t ?h?uld b? highlighted about th? product t? ?ttr??t them? And wh?r? ?h?uld the ?r?du?t b? ?dv?rti??d to reach them? With the answers to th??? questions, ?n ?ff??tiv? marketing ??m??ign ??n b? ?r??t?d t? send b?n?fit-driv?n m????g?? to the target ?udi?n?? wh?r?v?r th?? m?? b? (?u?h ?? F???b??k, wh?r? t?rg?t?d ?d? ??n b? purchased b???d ?n demographics ?nd int?r??t?).WHY IS PRODUCT POSITIONING IS IMPORTANT TO THE MARKETING PLAN? In m?rk?ting, a products t?rg?t m?rk?t is a set ?f ??n?um?r? with ?imil?r characteristics and n??d? who might be int?r??t?d in bu?ing th? product.Marketers ???iti?n their ?r?du?t within the target m?rk?t t? g?in new ?u?t?m?r? and ?u????d in ???uring m?r? customers th?n ??m??ting ?r?du?t?. P??iti?ning requires m?rk?t?r? to research their customers ?? th?? und?r?t?nd th? ??int of vi?w ?f t?rg?t m?mb?r?.Once m?rk?t?r? ??? th? product fr?m the ?u?t?m?r ??r????tiv?, th?? ??n use ?dv?rti?ing t? persuade t?rg?t m?rk?t m?mb?r? t? bu? the product.H?r? are a f?w reasons ?r?du?t positioning is im??rt?nt to marketing:1. Customer N??d?Eff??tiv? ?r?du?t ???iti?ning requires a clear understanding ?f ?u?t?m?r needs ?? th?t th? right communication channels ?r? ??l??t?d ?nd k?? m????g?? will resonate with customers.Pr?du?t ???iti?ning starts with id?ntif?ing specific, niche market segments to target not ju?t w?m?n ?v?r 25 but women fr?m 25 to 30 who w?rk in ??ni?r-l?v?l management ???iti?n?, make $X per ???r, ?r? ?ingl? ?nd ?nj?? sporting ??tiviti??.Th? m?r? ????ifi?, th? b?tt?r.In ?dditi?n t? id?ntif?ing the ?u?t?m?r b???d ?n demographic ?nd ????h?gr??hi? (??r??n?lit?/lif??t?l?) ?ttribut??, m?rk?t?r? need t? und?r?t?nd ?u?t?m?r n??d?, ?????i?ll? relative t? the ?r?du?t? and ??rvi??? th?? h?v? t? ?ff?r, t? ?l??rl? ??nv?? value ?? ??rt of their m?rk?ting ?l?n. With?ut proper product ???iti?ning, marketing ?l?n? ?r? in??m?l?t?.2. T? Make Entire Organisation M?rk?t-?ri?nt?dProduct positioning i? a ??rt ?f th? broader marketing philosophy. It concerns with id?ntif?ing ?u??ri?r ?????t? ?f product ?nd matching th?m with consumers m?r? ?ff??tiv?l? th?n ??m??titi?n?.This philosophy m?k?? the ?ntir? organisation market ?ri?nt?d.Attention-Capturing ?nd Cost S?ving?C?n?um?r? face ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l? fill?d ?r ?v?n overfilled with marketing and advertisements. The fragmentation of ??n?um?r ?tt?nti?n across ?n expanding numb?r of communication ?h?nn?l?, r?nging fr?m ?t?nd?rd network television, ?tr??ming vid?? and mu?i? ?nlin? t? m???iv? multi?l???r games and bl?g?, magnifies this problem.P??iti?ning f??u??? ?n a ??rti?ul?r gr?u? and highlight? and ?im?lifi?? the ?r?du?t elements that speak t? th?t m?rk?t segment, ?ll?wing th? m????g? to ?ut through the ??mmuni??ti?n ?lutt?r.Th? n?rr?wing d?wn ?f th? market segments that driv? ???iti?ning can help r?du?? ?dv?rti?ing costs by limiting th? ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l? ?m?l???d t? d?liv?r ?dv?rti?ing. A bu?in??? w?uld likely forgo m??t ?r ?ll online ?dv?rti?ing on a ?r?du?t ?im?d at ??ni?r ?itiz?n?, because th?t m?rk?t segment ???nd? a minim?l amount of tim? ?nlin?.On the ?th?r hand, a business ??uld ?r?b?bl? limit t?l?vi?i?n advertising ?r f??u? ?n a ?m?ll handful ?f ?h?nn?l? f?r ?r? du?t? aimed ?t the tw?nt?-??m?thing ?r?wd, b???u?? that segment ???nd? ??m??r?tiv?l? limit?d time watching TV. Th? ?x?lu?i?n ?r limitation ?f ?n? ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l TV especially ??n mean a ?ub?t?nti?l savings in ??ur marketing ??m??ign.3. C?m??titiv? Pr???ur??Marketers must weigh ??m??titiv? pressures wh?n th?? are ??n?id?ring th? ???iti?ning ?l?m?nt? ?f th?ir m?rk?ting ?l?n?.Eff??tiv? positioning ??nv??? t? ??n?um?r? wh? thi? ??m??n?? ?r?du?t ?r ??rvi?? ?h?uld be preferred ?v?r other competitive ??ti?n? based ?n wh?t the company kn?w? ?b?ut th? target ?udi?n??? needs.Eff??tiv? marketing ?l?n? ?l??rl? identify how th? ??m??n?? ?r?du?t? ?r services ?r? different from ??m??tit?r? offerings and in wh?t w???.Th?r? is n? v?lu? in b?ing a m? t?? product ?ff?ring ?nd ?im?l? copying wh?t ??m??tit?r? are d?ing. M?rk?t?r? mu?t ?t?nd ?ut fr?m th? ?r?wd in w??? that h?ld v?lu? f?r their t?rg?t m?rk?t?. Thi? is wh? m?rk?t r????r?h ?nd product ???iti?ning i? very important to th? marketing plan4. C?mmuni??ti?n Ch?nn?l?Pr?du?t ???iti?ning h?l?? marketers ??n?id?r h?w th?ir offerings are diff?r?nt fr?m ?th?r? that ??n?um?r? h?v? t? ?h???? from.But it i? n?t enough t? know this fr?m ?n int?rn?l perspective marketers mu?t ??mmuni??t? thi? t? th? t?rg?t audiences.T? d? thi? ?ff??tiv?l?, th?? mu?t ?h???? ??mmuni??ti?n ?h?nn?l? th?t ?r? designed t? ??nn??t with their id?ntifi?d target ?udi?n??? ?t times wh?n they will b? most receptive to these m????g??.C?n?id?r how ?ut?m?bil? m?nuf??tur?r? ???iti?n th?ir products thr?ugh communication vi? t?l?vi?i?n ??mm?r?i?l? during ???rting events, f?r in?t?n??, or h?w cosmetics m?nuf??tur?r? run full-page, full-??l?r ?d? in womens magazines.It’s ?ll ?b?ut ???iti?ning ??ur ?r?du?t, ?nd marketing can’t d? without ???iti?ning.5. T? Communicate N?w ?nd Varied F??tur? Added Later ?nWhen a ??m??n? ?h?ng?? qualities ?nd/?r f??tur?? of th? existing products, such im?r?v?m?nt? ??n b? ???iti?n?d ?g?in?t products ?ff?r?d by the ??m??tit?r?. P roduct positioning im?r?v?? competitive strength of a ??m??n?.Normally, consumers consider ?r?du?t advantages before th?? bu? it.S?, ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ?r?v?? ?u??ri?rit? of ??m??n?’? ?ff?r? ?v?r ??m??tit?r?. It m?? also h?l? ??n?um?r? in ?h???ing th? right ?r?du?t.We liv? in ?n over-communicated ???i?t? â€" ??r ???it? ??n?um?ti?n ?f ?dv?rti?ing in the d?v?l???d world is at all-time high?. A? a r??ult, w? ??? ?r?und 5,000 to 10,000 adverts ?v?r? d??. For br?nd? to ?ut through th? jungl? of m????g?? we ??? d?il?, th? ?nl? h??? ?f l?nding a ?un?h i? t? be ?xtr?m?l? selective ?n wh? w? t?rg?t. Thi? means ??n??ntr?ting ?n n?rr?w target m?rk?t? and to ??gm?nt those markets even further f?r m?r? ?ff??tiv? m????ging. Thi? i? the ?rt ?f positioning.It’? a crucial ingr?di?nt in the bu?ing ?r????? â€" it’? ?b?ut ??t?bli?hing a place in ??ur ?r?????t’? mind. A place th?t m??n? ??m?thing. It’? ??ur ????rtunit? t? influ?n?? ??ur t?rg?t market’s ??r???ti?n ?f ??ur ?r?du?t? ?nd ??rvi? ??.If ??u ?h???? n?t to ?ddr??? the i??u? ?f product ???iti?ning h??d on, ??u are unlikely to succeed. Consumers ?r? ??n?t?ntl? positioning products in th?ir mind â€" if ??u don’t h?l? th?m, th??’ll position it with th? help of your competitors. Consequently, ??u w?n’t b? ??int?d in a g??d light.Cl??r, concise and m??ningful product ???iti?ning h?l?? ??u t? ?ut through the r?l?ntl??? n?i?? your competitors (and even unrelated ?r?du?t?) in th? m?rk?t?l???. On?? ??u’v? entered th? mind of ??ur ?r?????t, th?? can put your m????g?? into ??nt?xt with your ???iti?ning and th?? h?v? a b?tt?r chance of ?utting thr?ugh.6. Carefully Cr?ft?d Key M????g??Eff??tiv? product ???iti?ning ?l?? ??nv??? the differentiating, v?lu?-?dding ?????t? ?f ??ur ?r?du?t or ??rvi?? t? ??ur t?rg?t audience thr?ugh the ??mmuni??ti?n channels you h?v? selected.Th??? m????g?? ?r? designed t? ??nv?? how ??ur ?r?du?t i? diff?r?nt (?nd b?tt?r) th?n ??m??titiv? ?ff?ring?, ?? w?ll ?? to ?ddr??? th? v?lu?-?dd?d ?t tribut?? th?t are im??rt?nt t? ??ur ?udi?n??.Pr?du?t ???iti?ning i? ?t the f?und?ti?n of ?n? effective marketing plan b???u?? it im???t? th? ultim?t? ?ur?h??? d??i?i?n.7. To Cope with M?rk?t Ch?ng??On?? th? ?r?du?t i? positioned ?u?????full? doesn’t m??n th? task ?f m?n?g?r i? ?v?r. He h?? t? constantly watch th? m?rk?t.A? ??r n?w d?v?l??m?nt? in the market place, n?w ??m??titiv? advantages ?h?uld b? id?ntifi?d, discovered ?r developed t? suit the ?h?nging expectations ?f the market. It makes th? manager ??tiv?, alert ?nd d?n?mi?.8. Pr?mium paymentsG??d ???iti?ning ??m?nt? th? product in the ?u?t?m?r’? awareness which g??d f?r marketing. It giv?? th? customer inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut th? ?r?du?t in unique w?? th?t resonates ?nd ?t?t?? th?ir mind f?r?v?r.If executed ??rr??tl?, ???iti?ning creates v?lu?, ?n?uring th?t ?u?t?m?r will ??? m?r? f?r th? ?r?du?t b???u?? th?? und?r?t?nd and agree with th? product’s position.This ?x??uti?n r??uir?? u?ing advertising t? ?x?l?in t? ??n?um?r? the similarities ?nd differences between the ?r?du?t ?nd ??m??ting ?r?du?t? ?? th?t ?u?t?m?r? und?r?t?nd wh? th?? ?h?uld ??? a ?r?mium.9. BrandingC?m??ni?? ??n ?h???? t? ?xt?nd th?ir ???iti?ning t? ?r??t? a brand. A brand i? a ??m??n? n?m? th?t labels a ?r?du?t ?r f?mil? of products ?nd carries a di?tin?t ???iti?n in th? minds ?f customers. Br?nd? th?t ?u?t?m?r? ??? ?? positive command premium prices.Brands ??n extend th?ir m?rk?t ???iti?n to n?w ?r?du?t? th?t th? ??r?nt ??m??n? intr?du???. This ?n advantage ?v?r ??m??ni?? who d?n’t h?v? br?nd positioning b???u?? unbr?nd?d new ?ff?ring? can’t ??mm?nd a ?r?mium.10. C?t?g?r? ClaimsM?rk?t?r? u?? advertising t? makes claims ?b?ut the category that the ?r?du?t b?l?ng? to ?nd d???rib? th? ?r?du?t’? ???iti?n in the ??t?g?r?. Category claims d???rib? h?w th? ?r?du?t i? better th?n competitors.For ?x?m?l?, ?n ?dv?rti??m?nt for a ??n ??uld make th? ??t?g?r? claim that it runs out ?f ink l??? ?ft?n th?n ?th?r pens.C?t?g?r? ?l?im? h?l? d?fin ? ?nd ?tr?ngth?n the ?r?du?t position ?nd ?v?r?ll br?nd.11. To M??t Ex???t?ti?n of Bu??r?Generally, th? ?dv?nt?g?? t? b? ??mmuni??t?d are d??id?d ?n th? b??i? of ?x???t?ti?n? of th? t?rg?t buyers. S?, product ???iti?ning can help r??liz? ??n?um?r?’ ?x???t?ti?n?.12. T? Pr?m?t? Consumer G??dwill ?nd LoyaltySystematic product positioning r?inf?r??? th? company’s name, it? product and br?nd. It ???ul?riz?? th? brand. Th? ??m??n? can ?r??t? g??dwill ?nd ??n win ?u?t?m?r l???lt?.The ?x??n?? associated with th? r????r?h that n?rm?ll? precedes ?r?du?t ???iti?ning represents th? m?in weakness of th? approach. Larger ??m??ni?? ?ft?n hir? marketing firm? to ??ndu?t extensive research, in?luding ?urv??? ?nd in-depth focus groups, to pin d?wn th? right m?rk?t ??gm?nt ?nd ??l??t th? appropriate packaging, ??l?r schemes ?nd ?v?n th? m??t appealing w?rd combinations. M??t small businesses lack the resources t? d??l?? a high-??w?r?d m?rk?ting r????r?h firm ?nd must r?l? ?n l???-f?rm?l m?th?d?l?g i?? to ?r??t? ?r?du?t positioning. Thi? may r??ult in in?d??u?t? preparation ?nd l??d t? a l???-?ff??tiv? ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ??m??ign.13. DifferentiationIf ?u?t?m?r? see ?n?ugh ???itiv? differences b?tw??n a product ???iti?n ?nd its ??m??tit?r? position the product b???m?? diff?r?nti?t?d.This means that th? ?r?du?t has th? ??m??titiv? advantage ?nd many customers b?li?v? th?t the product ??rf?rm? b?tt?r ?nd in w??? that ??m??ting products cannot perform.Th? customer may f??l that th?? have ?n ?dv?nt?g? over ?th?r ????l? wh? d?n’t u?? the ?r?du?t.Customers wh? t?ll others about thi? advantage furth?r diff?r?nti?t? b? making w?rd-?f-m?uth ??t?g?r? claims, enhancing the ?r?du?t’? ???iti?n ?nd ??r??ding favorable inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut th? br?nd.Pr?du?ti?n P??iti?ning f?r Sm?ll Bu?in?????Whil? l?rg?r corporations h?v? th? budg?t? f?r ?xt?n?iv? m?rk?t r????r?h, ?m?ll bu?in????? m?? have a diffi?ult tim? ??ming u? with th? tim? ?r m?n?? t? d? it in depth. Instead ?f running focus gr?u?? ? nd d?ing t?n? ?f r????r?h, a ?m?ll bu?in??? ?wn?r ??n simply ??k th?ir n?tw?rk f?r th?ir ??ini?n?.If th?? ??ll??t information ?n ?u?t?m?r? ?nd their ?ur?h????, future ?r?du?t ???iti?ning strategies ??n b? b???d ?n ??tu?l sales d?t?.Thi? m?? ?v?n b? m?r? effective th?n b??ing ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ?n th? ??ini?n? ?f ??t?nti?l ?u?t?m?r?, such as in a f??u? gr?u?, because thi? ???iti?ning i? based ?n r??l behavior rather th?n ????ul?ti?n.14. Firm C?mmitm?ntWhil? a positioning ?t?t?m?nt is an internal m?rk?ting ??mmuni??ti?n, it ?l?? ?r?vid?? direction f?r wh?t ??u t?ll customers.If you use ?r?m?ti?n to project an im?g? ?f t?? quality, f?r instance, ??u pin ??ur r??ut?ti?n to th?t premise.Having a sense of dut? ?nd the urgency t? f?ll?w-thr?ugh often is g??d for m?tiv?ting a bu?in??? ?nd it? ?m?l?????. It ??n h?ld ??u ????unt?bl? f?r addressing any product ??n??rn? and th? n??d t? innovate ?g?in?t ??m??tit?r?.15. T? Design Pr?m?ti?n?l StrategyM?r? meaningful promotional ?r?gr?mm? ??n b? d ??ign?d. Based on wh?t advantages ?r? t? b? to intr?du??   new pr?du?t su?????full?. Pr?du?t positioning ??n ???i?t a ??m??n? in intr?du?ing a n?w ?r?du?t in the m?rk?t.It can position n?w ?nd ?u??ri?r advantages ?f th? ?r?du?t ?nd can ??n?tr?t? th? m?rk?t ???il?.THE GOALS OF PRODUCT POSITIONINGTh? ?im i? t? ???iti?n a product in th? mind of your ?r?????tiv? bu??r? and t? keep it t?? ?f mind wh?n th?? ?r? ??n?id?ring a purchase.To cut through, ??ur ???iti?ning must ??hi?v? thr?? ?bj??tiv??:It ?h?uld diff?r?nti?t? ??ur ?r?du?t fr?m your ??m??tit?r?’It should ?ddr??? im??rt?nt bu?ing ?rit?ri? in th? eyes ?f your ?r?????tIt ?h?uld ?rti?ul?t? k?? b?n?fit? ?r ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?f ??ur ?r?du?t ?r companyThe most successful ?r?du?t ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi?? f?ll?w a ?im?l? set of ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? th?t ?r? n?t t?? di??imil?r t? th? b??t m?rk?ting messages.Th?? f??u? on d?liv?ring one primary messageTh?? m??n ??m?thing t? the t?rg?t audienceTh?? ???itiv?l? differentiate ?g?in?t the ??m??titi?nTh ?? ?r? r?l?v?nt t? th? t?rg?t ?udi?n??, n?t ju?t t?d?? â€" but int? th? futur?It i? believable, r?l?t?bl? ?nd credibleTHE ROAD TO ESTABLISHING YOUR POSITIONT? achieve the thr?? key ?bj??tiv?? of ?u?????ful ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi?? ?utlin?d ?b?v?, you must h?v? a d??? und?r?t?nding ?f th? thr?? ?ill?r? ?f ???iti?ning. Y?u mu?t und?r?t?nd how ??ur t?rg?t m?rk?t m?k?? bu?ing d??i?i?n?.You mu?t und?r?t?nd how ??ur competitors ???iti?n th?ir ?r?du?t?. And ??u mu?t und?r?t?nd wh?t ??ur ?r?du?t has t? offer ?nd how it i? different.The three pillars are h??vil? int?rd???nd?nt. Th?r?f?r?, th?? mu?t be balanced with fin???? to ??hi?v? ??m??titiv? ?dv?nt?g?. If you ?nl? understand two ?f th? thr?? ?ill?r?, ??u lik?l? d?n’t know enough t? ?u?????full? ???iti?n ??ur product in th? context of ??ur prospects ?nd th? market.Und?r?t?nd ??ur target marketT? begin understanding your t?rg?t audience, ??u must d?v?l?? your ideal buyer ?r?fil? ?nd bu??r ??r??n??. This r??uir?? ?rim?r? research â€" ????ki ng t? your ?u?t?m?r? ?nd prospects directly â€" but it helps you to build an und?r?t?nding of your t?rg?t customer’s bu?ing ?rit?ri?:What ?r?du?t features ?r? im??rt?nt th?m?What ?r?du?t b?n?fit? do th?? ?m?h??i???H?w have you helped your ?xi?ting ?u?t?m?r? ??lv? their ?r?bl?m??Whi?h of those were the m??t important ?r achieved th? greatest outcome?Li?t their bu?ing ?rit?ri?, problems ?nd fru?tr?ti?n? in order ?f im??rt?n??. If ????ibl?, assign a quantitative weighting t? ???h ?rit?ri?n. If primary research in ??ur t?rg?t ?udi?n?? is n?t f???ibl?, ??n?ult ??ur ??l?? t??m, indu?tr? experts ?nd third ??rt? r???ur??? lik? F???b??k Groups, Cr?ig?li?t ?nd U??rT??ting t? create best-guess ???um?ti?n?.An?l?z? your competitorsR????r?h ??ur m?rk?t th?r?ughl?. Thi? r??uir?? a l?t ?f w?rk with a ??mbin?ti?n ?f ?rim?r? ?nd ????nd?r? r????r?h. Y?u ?h?uld look at the wh?l? m?rk?t â€" it’? th? ?nl? way t? und?r?t?nd th? ??nt?xt of th? ?ntir? m?rk?t.H?w?v?r, you should th?n ??m?l?t? more in-d?? th research ?n your five most im??rt?nt ??m??tit?r?.D?t?rmin? h?w th?? ???iti?n themselves, ??r??b??k examples ?f th?ir m????ging, sign-up to th?ir email n?w?l?tt?r?, g? thr?ugh th?ir ??l?? ?r?????, id?ntif? th? ?tr?t?gi?? th??’r? u?ing ?nd h?w ?u?????ful they have b??n.M?? bu?ing ?rit?ri? against th? ??m??titiv? l?nd?????N?w that ??u’v? ??m?l?t?d most ?f your m?rk?t r????r?h, you need t? m?? ??ur t?rg?t market’s bu?ing ?rit?ri? ?g?in?t your competitors’ ?r?du?t ???iti?ning.Cr??t? a t?bl? with two ??lumn? â€" ?n? with ??ur ?ri?riti??d and weighted buying ?rit?ri?, ?nd th? ????nd with how your competitors position against these ?rit?ri?.H?w d??? ???h of ??ur competitors ???iti?n th?m??lv?? ?g?in?t the t?rg?t ?udi?n??’? n??d??It’s ?uit? n?rm?l f?r m?r? th?n ?n? ??m??tit?r t? battle f?r th? ??m? ???iti?n in the m?rk?t. Expect the market l??d?r t? h?v? established a ?tr?ng ???iti?n within the highest ?ri?rit? buying ?rit?ri?. L??k ?ut f?r ??m??tit?r? wh? ?r? tr?ing t? ???u?? ??v?r?l positions th?ir positioning is ?r?b?bl? ??nfu??d. Don’t be ?ur?ri??d if one ?r more bu?ing criteria ?r? not b?ing targeted b? ?n? of your ??m??tit?r?.Try t? und?r?t?nd th? ‘wh?’ behind your ?n?l??i?. Wh? i? n?b?d? t?rg?ting X n??d? Wh? are Competitor A ?nd B b?ttling f?r criteria Y? How ??m? n?b?d? h?? tri?d to b?ttl? th? m?rk?t leader on th?ir ???iti?ning?Assess your product’s strength ?g?in?t th? t?rg?t ?udi?n??’? bu?ing ?rit?ri?During your ??nv?r??ti?n? with ??ur ?u?t?m?r?, ??u asked whi?h ?r?bl?m? ??u’v? h?l??d th?m to ??lv?. Y?u ?l?? asked them whi?h h?d th? gr??t??t impact ?n their business. C?mbin?d t?g?th?r, thi? d?t? will giv? ??u a gr??t vi?w on wh?r? your ?r?du?t is strong.You ?h?uld also look ?utw?rd â€" ?n?l??? ??ur ?r?du?t ?g?in?t ??ur competitors’ b???u?? it’? important t? und?r?t?nd the context of th? m?rk?t. If you ??n, buy ?nd dir??tl? ??m??r? your ?r?du?t? t? ??ur ??m??tit?r?’. If you ??n’t, d? your secondary r????r?h â€" ?l???? lik? G2Crowd ?r? gr??t f?r finding r?vi?w? ?f S??S products.For those in a diff?r?nt industry, start b? l??king on indu?tr?-r?l?t?d f?rum?, m????g? b??rd?, reviews ?nd gr?u?? where ????l? ?r? ?h?ring their th?ught? ?n diff?r?nt ??m??tit?r? in the m?rk?t. This ?h?uld giv? ??u some ?l??r ?ign?l? on wh?t’? h?t ?nd what’s not.Look f?r ??ur m?rk?t opportunitiesFir?t of ?ll, review ??ur research and analysis, ?nd th?n determine the opportunities that exist in the m?rk?t. I? th?r? an opportunity where you ??n d?liv?r and excel? W?uld you ??hi?v? ??ur bu?in??? g??l? if you ?u?????full? ???iti?n?d ??ur??lf in the vacant ???iti?n?If th?r? ?r? n? v???nt ????rtuniti?? in th? market (or th?r? ?r?, but it d???n’t m?k? sense to position ??ur??lf th?r?), you mu?t d??id? whi?h ??m??tit?r t? t?rg?t. In th? ?x?m?l?, I’v? deliberately ?i?k?d a very ?r?wd?d m?rk?t. There ?r? a l?t ?f ??m??tit?r? in the cloud h??ting indu?tr?, but it’? important t? n?t? th?t there’s still a hug? ????rtunit? t? dif ferentiate and achieve r??id gr?wth.Y?u mu?t determine whether th? buyer need i? strong enough, and wh?th?r ??u can ??ti?f? that n??d â€" or a ??mbin?ti?n ?f needs â€" b?tt?r th?n ?n??n? else. Are ??ur ??m??tit?r? vuln?r?bl? to ?tt??k if ??u ???iti?n on th?ir key buying ?rit?ri?? You must ??k ??ur??lf thi? ?u??ti?n, b???u?? th? b?ttl? will b? fi?r?? once ??u ?t?rt ?ng?ging.You’ll n??d t? find a b???hh??d t? ??t?bli?h a ?tr?ng h?ld on as ??u ?nt?r ??ur ??m??tit?r?’ market segment. I’v? ?u?????full? positioned ?r?du?t? ?n a hybrid of v?r? related bu?ing ?rit?ri?, but ultim?t?l? ?n? criteria mu?t t?k? ?ri?rit? ?r ??u ri?k blending in â€" w? ??hi?v?d thi? with extreme f??u?. W? t?rg?t?d ?ur beachhead ?nd th?n expanded ?ut once the ?tr?ngh?ld had b??n ??t?bli?h?dPOSITIONING STRATEGYPositioning ?tr?t?gi?? ??n b? ??n??iv?d ?nd d?v?l???d in a variety of w???. It ??n b? d?riv?d fr?m th? ?bj??t attributes, ??m??titi?n, ???li??ti?n, the types ?f ??n?um?r? involved, ?r th? characteristics ?f th? ?r?du?t class.All th??? attributes r??r???nt a diff?r?nt approach in d?v?l??ing ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi??, even th?ugh ?ll ?f them h?v? th? ??mm?n ?bj??tiv? ?f ?r?j??ting a favorable image in th? mind? ?f the ??n?um?r? or audience.Th?r? ?r? seven approaches t? ???iti?ning     strategies:U?ing Product ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?r Cu?t?m?r Benefits as a ???iti?ning ?tr?t?g?Thi? ?tr?t?g? b??i??ll? f??u??? u??n th? ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?f th? ?r?du?t ?r ?u?t?m?r benefits. F?r example if I ??? Imported it?m? it b??i??ll? t?ll or illu?tr?t? a v?ri?t? ?f product ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?u?h as dur?bilit?, ???n?m? ?r reliability ?t?.Lets t?k? ?n ?x?m?l? ?f m?t?rbik?? ??m? ?r? emphasizing on fuel ???n?m?, some ?n power, looks ?nd others stress on th?ir dur?bilit?. H?r? C??l?? Ltd. ???iti?n? fir?t, ?m?h??izing dur?bilit? ?nd style f?r it? cycle.At tim? ?v?n ??u w?uld h?v? n?ti??d th?t a ?r?du?t i? ???iti?n?d ?l?ng tw? or m?r? product ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? at th? same tim?. Y?u w?uld h?v? ???n thi? in the ???? ?f t?? th???t? m?rk?t, m??t t??th???t? in?i?t? on ‘fr??hn???’ and ‘??vit? fighter’ ?? th? product ?h?r??t?ri?ti??.It is always t?m?ting t? tr? to ???iti?n ?l?ng ??v?r?l product characteristics, ?? it i? fru?tr?ting t? h?v? ??m? g??d ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? that are not ??mmuni??t?d.Pri?ing ?? a ???iti?ning strategyQuality Approach ?r Positioning by Price-Quality â€" Lets t?k? an ?x?m?l? and und?r?t?nd thi? ???r???h ju?t suppose ??u h?v? to g? and bu? a ??ir ?fj??n?, ?? ???n as ??u enter in th? ?h?? you will find diff?r?nt ?ri?? r?g? j??n? in the ?h?wr??m say ?ri?? ranging from $35 to $200. A? soon ?? look at th? j??n? of $35 ??u ??? th?t it is not good in quality.Wh?? B??i??ll? b???u?? ?f perception, ?? most ?f u? ??r??iv? that if a ?r?du?t i? ?x??n?iv? will b? a ?u?lit? product wh?r? ?? ?r?du?t th?t i? cheap i? lower in ?u?lit?. If w? l??k ?t this Pri?? â€" quality ???r???h it i? im??rt?nt ?nd i? l?rg?l? used in ?r?du?t ???iti?ning.In m?n? ?r?du?t categories, th?r? are brands th?t d?lib?r ?t?l? ?tt?m?t t? ?ff?r m?r? in t?rm? of ??rvi??, f??tur?? or ??rf?rm?n??.They ?h?rg? m?r?, ??rtl? t? ??v?r high?r costs ?nd ??rtl? to l?t the ??n?um?r? b?li?v? that th? ?r?du?t i?, certainly ?f higher ?u?lit?.Positioning ?tr?t?g? b???d ?n U?? or A??li??ti?nL?t? understand thi? with th? h?l? ?f ?n example like Nescafe Coffee for m?n? ???r? ???iti?n?d it ??lf ?? a wint?r product and ?dv?rti??d mainly in wint?r but th? intr?du?ti?n of cold ??ff?? h?? d?v?l???d a ???iti?ning ?tr?t?g? for the ?umm?r m?nth? ?l??.Basically this type of positioning-by-use r??r???nt? a ????nd or third ???iti?n for th? br?nd, ?u?h type ?f positioning is d?n? deliberately t? ?x??nd the brand’s m?rk?t. If ??u are intr?du?ing new uses ?f th? product th?t will ?ut?m?ti??ll? ?x??nd th? br?nd’? m?rk?t.Positioning ?tr?t?g? b???d ?n Pr?du?t Pr?????An?th?r ???iti?ning approach is t? ?????i?t? th? product with it? u??r? ?r a ?l??? ?f u??r?. M?k?? ?f ???u?l ?l?thing lik? j??n? have introduced ‘d??ign?r labels’ t ? d?v?l?? a f??hi?n im?g?.In this ???? the ?x???t?ti?n is that th? m?d?l ?r ??r??n?lit? will influence the ?r?du?t’? im?g? b? r?fl??ting th? ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? ?nd im?g? ?f th? model ?r ??r??n?lit? ??mmuni??t?d ?? a ?r?du?t u??r.L?t? not forget th?t Johnson ?nd Johnson r????iti?n?d its shampoo fr?m ?n? u??d f?r babies t? ?n? u??d b? ????l? wh? w??h th?ir h?ir fr??u?ntl? ?nd therefore n??d a mild people who w??h their h?ir frequently ?nd therefore n??d a mild ?h?m???. Thi? repositioning r??ult?d in a m?rk?t share.P??iti?ning ?tr?t?g? b???d on Product Cl???In ??m? product ?l??? we have to m?k? ?ur? ?riti??l ???iti?ning d??i?i?n? F?r ?x?m?l?, freeze dri?d ??ff?? n??d?d t? positions it??lf with r?????t t? r?gul?r ?nd instant coffee and ?imil?rl? in ???? of dried milk makers ??m? out with instant br??kf??t positioned ?? a br??kf??t substitute and virtu?ll? id?nti??l ?r?du?t ???iti?n?d ?? a dietary meal substitute.P??iti?ning strategy b???d ?n Cultural SymbolsIn today’s w?rld many ?dv?rt i??r? ?r? u?ing deeply entrenched cultural symbols t? diff?r?nti?t? th?ir br?nd? from th?t ?f ??m??tit?r?.The ????nti?l task is t? identify something th?t i? v?r? m??ningful to ????l? th?t ?th?r competitors are not u?ing ?nd ?????i?t? thi? br?nd with th?t ??mb?l.Air Indi? u??? m?h?r?j? as it? l?g?, b? thi? th?? are tr?ing to show th?t w? w?l??m? gu??t ?nd give th?m r???l treatment with l?t ?f r?????t ?nd it ?l?? highlight? Indian tr?diti?n. Using ?nd popularizing tr?d?m?rk? g?n?r?ll? follow thi? t??? ?f positioning.P??iti?ning ?tr?t?g? b???d ?n CompetitorsIn thi? t??? ?f ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi??, ?n im?li?it or ?x?li?it fr?m? ?f reference i? ?n? or m?r? ??m??tit?r?. In some cases, reference competitor(s) can b? th? dominant aspect ?f th? positioning ?tr?t?gi?? of th? firm, the firm either uses the ??m? ?f similar ???iti?ning ?tr?t?gi?? ?? used b? the competitors ?r th? ?dv?rti??r uses a n?w strategy t?king th? competitors’ strategy ?? the b???.A g??d ?x?m?l? ?f this w?uld b? C?lg?t? ?nd Pepsodent. C?lg?t? wh?n entered into the market f??u??d ?n to f?mil? ?r?t??ti?n but when P????d?nt entered into th? market with f??u? ?n 24 h?ur ?r?t??ti?n ?nd b??i??ll? f?r kid?, C?lg?t? changed its f??u? fr?m f?mil? protection t? kids teeth ?r?t??ti?n which w?? a ???iti?ning strategy ?d??t?d because ?f competition.

FSKM Students in Industrial Training - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1190 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides the overview of this research project. The project problem statement, objectives of research, the scope of the project and significance of the project are clearly discussed in this chapter. 1.1Background of Research Industrial training is a program that refers to the placement of students in the industry to gain experience in the employment world. Industrial Training or in very simple terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"internshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from classroom to workplace. It is an opportunity to test skills, interests and career choices in real work situations while obtaining an edge on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inexperiencedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ job market competitors (Neuman, 1999). Industrial Training is a compulsory course and an important component for all degree programs in Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics in Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM). Since it was offered, thousands of students enrolled the course yearly. Diagram 1.0 show the statistic for two semester of student that enrolled for industrial training, 196 students in Mac-Jun 2014 and 155 students in September-January 2015 are enrolled for this course. It is undeniable fact that industrial training is very important in accessing the ability of the student, particularly with respect to the variance in training practices and attitudes across national cultures (Abderrahman Hassi, Giovanna Storti, 2011). Figure 1.0 Statistic of FSKM Students Enrol in Industrial Training Previously, in 2000 to 2011, our faculty has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sistem Latihan Praktikà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which is developed by Prof Madya Dr Adnan Ahmad. It is used to handle all the industrial training process from the beginning until the end of the process for diploma students. The studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entire document from every course which is CS110, CS111 and CS112 in UiTM branches is stored in this system and it can assign a supervisor to evaluate a student. In 2012, this system is not being used anymore after changes of the coordinator and the diploma students in UiTM Shah Alam are transferred to branches. The current practice of conducting an industrial training process is done by semi-computer. Students have to submit their application form to the HEA after being approved by the industry training coordinator, after that the application will be sent to the company. The company will give a confirmation letter to the student and the industrial training coordinator if they accept the student. For industrial training coordinator, he/she has to manage every document needed. Until now the same way was used to manage the document. For example the coordinator has to type every studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information from the application form into Microsoft Excel. From the analysis that has bee n made in the current system, few problems were identified, such as the current practice faces a problem of difficult to manage because heavily using the paper. Thus, the Industrial Training System (ITS) is new systems that will be developed based on the problems and others requirements needed. ITS will be developed using PHP as a server and MySQL as the database. The best feature of both PHP and MySQL is they work with any major operating system and many of the minor ones. Therefore, the faculty wants to develop its own an automated system that will replace the current practice used by FSKM UiTM Shah Alam. This study attempted to develop a proper system that focuses on industrial training processes which are applying for placement and confirmation of placement. As current system only supports a few functions, end users need to use the manual method. For example, the data about students are keys in Microsoft Excel and bring all documents for Industry Training Requirement and wait ing answer from them if accepted or not. ITS can help the faculty to manage all information about their students in Industrial Training placement. Thus, this is win-win situation for students and supervisor because it eases the students and supervisor and reduces workload. 1.2Problem Statement(s) Based on the interview with Puan Hanizah, HEA staff that is responsible with the previous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sistem Latihan Praktikà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  said that the system is totally lost after the faculty change its personal computer (PC). The faculty also did not make a backup of the system. PM Dr Adnan Ahmad has not built a new system because all UiTM branches want to develop by their own, thus they can handle by themselves. Therefore, currently there is no proper system to handle industrial training process in Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics in UiTM Shah Alam. For example all the information and the latest new about industrial training for Computer Science course are uploa d and announces at Facebook which is organize by Puan Wan Nur Amalina, Industrial Training Coordinator. According to Puan Norizan, Industrial Training Officer, students need to take the BLI-01, BLI-02, BL1-03 form at their office then submit to the Industrial Training Coordinator to complete their applying process. This process is not really efficient. Besides, the current practice of storing industrials training information of students and company is done semi-computer based where is heavily using the paper and because of that it seem difficult to manage all the information. The problems about the paper based are the possibility of missing the form, difficult to organize and many more. Furthermore, the data about students from all the form needed will be key in Microsoft Excel by Industrial Training Coordinator and this will lead to redundancy and inconsistency of data. This problem is occurring because Industrial Training Coordinator need to open many tabs in Microsoft Excel to type details needed for every student, for example, students personal details, placement details and the response form for industrial training placement in the current industrial training system. 1.3 Project Objective The development of Industrial Training System (ITS) is a best solution to solve the problems faced by faculty that using current semi-computer system. Besides overcoming all the problems of the current system, these are the objectives that are wished to be accomplished from the system. This study attempted to: 1. To identify the requirement of the industrial training system. 2. To analyze the requirement of the industrial training system. 3. To validate the requirement through prototyping 1.4 Project Scope Industrial training processes have four steps that are applying of placement, confirmation of placement, assigning of visiting lecturers and lastly evaluation of students. This project focuses on making a requirement analysis for developin g a system for FSKM final year students for applying and confirmation of placement. This is because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This system will be developed to solve the problems faces by traditional Industrial Training Management System. 1.5 Project Significance Upon completing this study, it highlights a significance of the study as follow: The Industrial Training System is the proposed system for future researcher and designer to use as a basis to develop a complete system. Significant to the 1.6 Expected Outcome The artefacts will be used by future researchers to complete the system 1.7 Summary As a conclusion, this chapter discuss the background, problem statement, objective, scope, significant and expected outcome of the research. This is the first chapter which is the initial phase in research which provide the understanding to carry out the project. This chapter justified that making a requirement an alysis of developing Industrial Training System has its significance for stakeholder, future research and designer. The next chapter is the Literature Review which discusses about the terminology used in this research. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "FSKM Students in Industrial Training" essay for you Create order

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Olouadah Equiano Keith Sandiford, author of Measuring the Moment, eloquently made the claim for Equianos Interesting Narrative as a reliable documentary source. Sandiford writes, Throughout the narrative, [Equiano] makes a conscious effort to delineate the principal incidents and experiences of his life as faithful memory would allow and to appraise his conduct with honest judgement and sober reflection (119). To me this is how Equiano embarks on making his narrative credible: I believe it is difficult for those who publish their own memoirs to escape the imputation of vanity. . . People generally think those memoirs only worthy to be read or remembered which abound in great striking events, those, in short, which in a high†¦show more content†¦Yet he knows, too, that merely preaching of goodwill towards Africans would not turn any heads. He must show directly the irony that those naming others barbarians were the barbaric ones themselves. His intensely personal story, with detailed desc riptions of what he saw - cruel or ordinary - and of how one African dealt with forced encounters with different lands and cultures, was what it would take for Englishmen to relate and thus to understand. A number of themes pervade Equianos narrative. Editor Robert Allison says the text revolves around freedom and salvation. Adam Potkay in Forum: Teaching Equianos Interesting Narrative, claims that Equianos narrative had a number of persuasive modes, modes such as apologia, allegory, sermon, exhortation... and [criticism] directed to abolishing the slave trade (604). Power and identity struggles are also important problems Equiano faces. Some of the most telling passages involve Equianos discussion of his various names. In his Ibo native land, he was named Olaudah, which signified one favored, and having a loud voice and well spoken. His name was thus symbolic of his strong anti-slavery voice. His name testified to his extraordinary life and also suggests his relative fortune, or perhaps Gods Providence. Luck and grace would play a large role in his life and narrative. Yet in Virginia Equiano was called Jacob and then Michael - he no longer had control over his own identity. The passage

“The Notebook” Film Free Essays

In the early 1900’s silent films amazed audiences with images, later talkies impressed with sound, today we have 3D. As technology continues to evolve so too will film genres. Genres, while having some shared characteristics, also differ in terms of stylistic devices used. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Notebook† Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, the dramatic film â€Å"The Notebook† effectively uses color to reinforce theme and has plausible performers as the two main protagonists. â€Å"The Notebook† directed by Nick Cassavetes in 2004 tells the story of a couple’s fifty year long love affair and its trials and tribulations. The film begins in a nursing home where an old man (Noah) reads a book to an old lady (Allie) suffering from Alzheimer’s. Noah, a poor country boy, and Allie, a rich city girl, meet in Noah’s village in summertime and fall in love with each other. Allie’s mother forbids the relationship and takes Allie away to New York, where a few years later she gets engaged to Lon, an educated rich man. Before the wedding she reads a newspaper and sees Noah in front of a house he once promised her to restore. She goes there and soon they find they still love each other. So Allie decides to dump Lon and be with Noah. The movie ends as Allie realizes that the story Noah has been reading to her is in fact the story of their romance. They fall asleep holding hands and die peacefully. To make their creations unique film crews use different techniques. Techniques vary from setting to point of view, and also include editing, color, sound, costume, camera angle, actors’ play and others. Film makers use them in different ways for different purposes. For instance, each genre demands a particular type of performance: in comedies the performance should be exaggerated, while in dramas it has to be very realistic. Colors influence the way we perceive things and this is the reason directors usually use dark and vague colors in scenes of conflict, and bright ones to express happiness. Therefore film makers pay much attention to techniques . Actors in â€Å"The Notebook† fit their roles very well and they perform plausibly. Ryan Gosling (Noah) suits his role of a young, careless lad and Rachel McAdams (Allie) is perfect for the role of an educated cheerful beauty. Their facial expressions, gestures and movements make audiences empathize with the protagonists. In the scene of their first quarrel Rachel McAdams cries, sobs, portrays despair and pleads to stay ,as realistically as if she feels her character’s emotions. In scenes of happy moments she smiles and laughs sincerely, like when she listens to Noah (Ryan Gosling) sitting next to her. Ryan Gosling also demonstrated his acting talents in the movie. His character is very romantic and faithful and the actor expressed these traits very well. For instance, in the scene he first meets her he looks at her with loving eyes, his eyebrows are raised a bit as he cannot stop admiring her. When other women try to talk to him, he lets them see their attempts are futile via tone changes and hands crossed on his chest, which express his love and faithfulness. Such a realistic actors’ performance reinforces the dramatic plot. Warm and pastel colors predominate in †The Notebook†. The creators intended to reinforce the theme also by means of colors. Episodes, in which Allie and Noah are together, have more white, beige, pink, light blue and green. For instance, Noah painted the house he restored in white color; the sky is clear and blue when they are together. The white color of the house represents purity of Noah’s love and his devotion to Allie, and the clear sky symbolizes peace. However, in those scenes where they part or have quarrels, colors are darker and vague. The two main quarrels, for example, happen at night and during the heavy grey rain. The protagonists’ clothes also change in different situations. For their dates Allie wears bright and pastel color dresses, but while being parted they both wear grey and boring clothes. The film crew used specific colors to support the theme. Specific tools play a great role in film making. Color and performance set the tone in the dramatic film â€Å"The Notebook† and make it a good quality movie. Good quality movies are called so due to details, and large film crews work hard to achieve this result. Other films by Nick Cassavetes are also very good, although he focused on different tools in them. How to cite â€Å"The Notebook† Film, Papers

“The Notebook” Film Free Essays

In the early 1900’s silent films amazed audiences with images, later talkies impressed with sound, today we have 3D. As technology continues to evolve so too will film genres. Genres, while having some shared characteristics, also differ in terms of stylistic devices used. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Notebook† Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, the dramatic film â€Å"The Notebook† effectively uses color to reinforce theme and has plausible performers as the two main protagonists. â€Å"The Notebook† directed by Nick Cassavetes in 2004 tells the story of a couple’s fifty year long love affair and its trials and tribulations. The film begins in a nursing home where an old man (Noah) reads a book to an old lady (Allie) suffering from Alzheimer’s. Noah, a poor country boy, and Allie, a rich city girl, meet in Noah’s village in summertime and fall in love with each other. Allie’s mother forbids the relationship and takes Allie away to New York, where a few years later she gets engaged to Lon, an educated rich man. Before the wedding she reads a newspaper and sees Noah in front of a house he once promised her to restore. She goes there and soon they find they still love each other. So Allie decides to dump Lon and be with Noah. The movie ends as Allie realizes that the story Noah has been reading to her is in fact the story of their romance. They fall asleep holding hands and die peacefully. To make their creations unique film crews use different techniques. Techniques vary from setting to point of view, and also include editing, color, sound, costume, camera angle, actors’ play and others. Film makers use them in different ways for different purposes. For instance, each genre demands a particular type of performance: in comedies the performance should be exaggerated, while in dramas it has to be very realistic. Colors influence the way we perceive things and this is the reason directors usually use dark and vague colors in scenes of conflict, and bright ones to express happiness. Therefore film makers pay much attention to techniques . Actors in â€Å"The Notebook† fit their roles very well and they perform plausibly. Ryan Gosling (Noah) suits his role of a young, careless lad and Rachel McAdams (Allie) is perfect for the role of an educated cheerful beauty. Their facial expressions, gestures and movements make audiences empathize with the protagonists. In the scene of their first quarrel Rachel McAdams cries, sobs, portrays despair and pleads to stay ,as realistically as if she feels her character’s emotions. In scenes of happy moments she smiles and laughs sincerely, like when she listens to Noah (Ryan Gosling) sitting next to her. Ryan Gosling also demonstrated his acting talents in the movie. His character is very romantic and faithful and the actor expressed these traits very well. For instance, in the scene he first meets her he looks at her with loving eyes, his eyebrows are raised a bit as he cannot stop admiring her. When other women try to talk to him, he lets them see their attempts are futile via tone changes and hands crossed on his chest, which express his love and faithfulness. Such a realistic actors’ performance reinforces the dramatic plot. Warm and pastel colors predominate in †The Notebook†. The creators intended to reinforce the theme also by means of colors. Episodes, in which Allie and Noah are together, have more white, beige, pink, light blue and green. For instance, Noah painted the house he restored in white color; the sky is clear and blue when they are together. The white color of the house represents purity of Noah’s love and his devotion to Allie, and the clear sky symbolizes peace. However, in those scenes where they part or have quarrels, colors are darker and vague. The two main quarrels, for example, happen at night and during the heavy grey rain. The protagonists’ clothes also change in different situations. For their dates Allie wears bright and pastel color dresses, but while being parted they both wear grey and boring clothes. The film crew used specific colors to support the theme. Specific tools play a great role in film making. Color and performance set the tone in the dramatic film â€Å"The Notebook† and make it a good quality movie. Good quality movies are called so due to details, and large film crews work hard to achieve this result. Other films by Nick Cassavetes are also very good, although he focused on different tools in them. How to cite â€Å"The Notebook† Film, Papers

Osteogenesis Imperfecta free essay sample

Osteogenesis Imperfecta was a severe, congenital genetic disorder which can cause the human bones to be extremely delicate. This disease is caused by a mutation(whether it be deletion or duplication) in chromosome 17q21, 31-q22, 7q22. 1, which are the chromosomes that help the body produce the proteins to make collagen, which is what makes bones and muscles strong. Because of the body not being able to create collagen, the bones become very brittle and can increase the risk of fracture by a substantial amount. The lifespan of those with Osteogenesis Imperfecta differs due to how severe the disease is. The physical features of those with the OI are short stature, triangular shaped face, breathing problems, some hearing loss, brittle teeth, and bone deformities. Brittle Bone disease is relatively rare, with about 20,000-50,000 US citizens currently living with the disease. Though children with OI generally become stronger and fractures occur less often as they age, in women, it may become active again during and after menopause. There are four types of OI; Type 1 is the most common and least mild, Type 2 is the most severe form of the disease, Type 3 has other physical complications(such as respiratory issues, deafness, etc. ) and the infant is usually born with fractures, and Type 4 is a less severe form of Type 3 but more severe than type 1. Often, cases of OI go undiagnosed, but simple testing can help to diagnose the disorder before worse things can happen. Type of Research There has been much research on OI and its patients and for cures, and not many have been actually discovered. There have been different ways to help with the pain that comes with Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Medical Bisphosphonates could be given to the patient, which help strengthen the bones, but doesn’t fully cure the patient. Patients may only receive the medicine under extensive medical care. Bracing and casting is another alternative to help with the fractures(as well as pain medication for pain). This is usually for fractures but should be worn longer than typical patients because the healing process is longer for OI patients. Another way to strengthen the bones is light exercise. After you get a fracture, swimming or walking can help strengthen the bones(unless the patient is unable to walk because of the severity of the OI). For the more severe cases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, medical operations may be the only option. Placing rods in curved bones, such as severely deformed limbs may be an option. This also is not an actual cure and more surgeries could result from doing so. This may also be for bones that don’t heal properly or repeated fractures in the same bone. Spinal fusion may also be an option for severe Scoliosis, because braces made for Scoliosis may cause the ribs to become deformed and in turn, causing the Scoliosis to worsen over time. Spinal fusion is the surgery of straightening out the spine and fusing the bones together to stop the Scoliosis from worsening over a long period of time. Though both procedures can help with OI, they DO NOT cure the disease in full. Scientific Investigation Osteogenesis Imperfecta can be tracked and even diagnosed by going through the families medical history. Other tests can be performed, as well, such as simple xrays to show fractures or thin bones which can indicate OI. A DXR scan can also be done to determine bone density, which plays a major role in Osteogenesis Imperfecta. DNA Blood tests are the most accurate to determine whether a child has OI or not. This shows all the genes and can show the actual mutation in the gene. A normal female Karyotype found on Google Images. There have been many legal issues with the rare disease. Many children have been taken away from their parents because of xrays showing the fractures. Without proper testing for the disease, families have been torn apart because of CPS getting involved because of the xrays showing multiple fractures or fractures that healed improperly and blaming it on the parents. The bones in the child with Brittle Bone Disorder are much weaker than those of children without the disease. With this being said, even the strongest bones can be broken fairly easily. Rib fractures, skull fractures, humorous and femur fractures can be mistaken as child neglect. The doctors often overthink the fact that it could actually be OI and directly assume that it could be child abuse. Relevance Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare, genetic disorder that not many people know about. It can be life threatening and needs to be treated as soon as they are diagnosed. Undiagnosed patients(children) more often than not, get suspected as child neglect. No family should be torn apart because of a disease that can be tested for with a simple blood test. People need to know that this is a serious disease that has no known cure to this day. If more tests get done on children before the law gets involved, that’s another family that can keep their child from being accused of child abuse. Not only that, but this disease is congenital. You are born with this disease whether you like it or not. It is very serious and needs more reorganization. If more people would learn about Osteogenesis Imperfecta, there could be more research done to find a cure. Though it is rare, every day, more research could always be done. The sooner a cure can be found for this awful disease, the sooner children won’t have to live with OI.

Saving Sourdi Essay Example

Saving Sourdi Paper â€Å"Saving Sourdi† by Mailee Chai, is a story of a women name Sourdi , where her life is been arranged for marriage to a husband who will provide a lifestyle suitable to raising a family. However, she was provided with a good environment to raise their children in, and a strong man who will support their needs financially. As a young child Sourdi was really close to her younger sister Nea; They talked about things every night before going to bed. Exclusively their relationship had fell down the Drain. When Sourdi, reached time for her to become a woman. She was arranged to get married to a man named Chhay, and moves out. Even though Nea didn’t like the whole situation, she had to deal with it. The fact her sister detached from her, and they barely see each other. When Nea answers one of Sourdi’s phone call one night, Sourdi Sound like she was crying. When Nea asked what happened , she ignored her question and asked for her mom. Nea got suspicious thinking Mr. Chhay had hit her sister. So Nea gets Sourdi ex-boyfriend and told him everything, but never mentioned that she never told Sourdi she was coming over, to see what was going on. We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Sourdi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Sourdi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Sourdi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Nea and Sourdi ex-boyfriend Duke arrived at Sourdi place, Nea sat there, waiting for a sign to go in. When Nea got in Sourdi’s House. Sourdi was surprised because, she was not expecting any company over. Nea saw a bruise in Sourdi’s face. At that moment Nea thought Mr. Chhay had hit Sourdi. Duke made a big movement by knocking Mr. Chhay in the mouth. But later on, they found out that the baby diapers had fell on her face. And the reason she was crying on the phone for mama because she was pregnant with another baby, and didn’t know what to do. When that was settled Nea was satisfied and went home.

The Southern Cult - Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

The Southern Cult - Southeastern Ceremonial Complex The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) is what archaeologists have called a broad regional similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and mythology of the Mississippian period in North America between about 1000 and 1600 CE. This cultural melange is thought to represent a Mississippian religion evolved at Cahokia on the Mississippi River near modern day St. Louis and spread via migration and diffusion of ideas throughout southeastern North America, impacting existing communities as far-flung as the modern states of Oklahoma, Florida, Minnesota, Texas, and Louisiana. Key Takeaways: Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Common Names: Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, Southern CultAlternatives: Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS) or the Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex (MACC)Dates: 1000–1600 CELocation: throughout the southeastern U.S.  Interpretation: Major towns with mounds and rectangular plazas spread from Oklahoma to Florida, Minnesota to Louisiana, connected by broad-based religious activities and trade in copper, shell, and potteryShared Symbols: Morning Star/Red Horn, Underwater Panther Mound Cities The SECC was first recognized in the mid-twentieth century, although it was then called the Southern Cult; today it is sometimes referred to as the Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS) or the Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex (MACC). The multiplicity of names for this phenomenon reflects both the significance of the similarities placed on it by the scholars, and the struggles those scholars have had trying to pin down the processes and meanings of an undeniable wave of cultural change. Etowah Mound B, Georgia, Mississippian Civilization. Kare Thor Olsen Commonality of Traits The core components of the SECC are repoussà © copper sheet plates (basically, three-dimensional objects cold-hammered out of copper), engraved marine shell gorgets, and shell cups. These objects are decorated in what scholars call the Classic Braden figural style, as it was defined by archaeologist James A. Brown in the 1990s. The Classic Braden style focuses on the winged anthropomorphic being known colloquially among archaeologists as the birdman, depicted on copper plates and worn as headpieces or breastplates. The birdman symbol is nearly a universal component at SECC sites. Other traits are found less consistently. Mississippians typically, but not always, lived in major towns centered around four-sided plazas. The centers of those towns sometimes included large raised earthen platforms topped by pole and thatch temples and elite houses, some of which were cemeteries for elites. Some of the societies played a game with disc-like pieces called chunkey stones. Artifacts of shell, copper, and pottery were distributed and exchanged and copied. Common symbols on those artifacts include the hand-eye (a hand with an eye in the palm), a falconid or forked eye symbol, a bi-lobed arrow, the quincunx or cross-in-circle motif, and a petal-like motif. The Peach Tree State Archaeological Society website has a detailed discussion of some of these motifs. Shared Supernatural Beings The anthropomorphic birdman motif has been the focus of much scholarly research. The birdman has been connected to the mythical hero-god known as Morning Star or Red Horn in upper midwest Native American communities. Found on repoussà © copper and shell etchings, versions of the birdman seem to represent anthropomorphized bird deities or costumed dancers associated with warfare rituals. They wear bi-lobed headdresses, have long noses and often long braids- those traits are associated with masculine sexual virility among Osage and Winnebago rituals and oral traditions. But some of them appear to be female, bi-gendered or genderless: some scholars note wryly that our Western concepts of the duality of male and female are hindering our ability to comprehend the meaning of this figure. Version of the Underwater Panther on a Mississippian Bowl from Moundville. CB Moore, 1907 In some communities, there is a shared supernatural being called the underwater panther or underwater spirit; the Native American descendants of the Mississippians call this being Piasa or Uktena. The panther, Siouan descendants tell us, represents three worlds: wings for the upper world, antlers for the middle and scales for the lower. He is one of the husbands of the Old Woman Who Never Dies. These myths strongly echo the pan-Mesoamerican underwater serpent deity, one of which is the Maya god ​Itzamna. This is remnants of an old religion. Reports by the Conquistadors The timing of the SECC, which ended at (and maybe because) the period of initial Euroamerican colonization of North America, gives scholars a vision albeit corrupted of the effective practices of the SECC. The ​16th century Spanish and the 17th century French visited these communities and wrote of what they saw. Further, echoes of the SECC are part and parcel of a living tradition among many of the descendant communities. A fascinating paper by Lee J. Bloch discusses his attempt to describe the birdman motif to Native American people who live in the vicinity of the SECC site of Lake Jackson, Florida. That discussion led him to recognize how some of the entrenched archaeological concepts are just wrong. The birdman is not a bird, the Muskogee told him, its a moth. One clearly evident aspect of the SECC today is that, although the archaeological concept of a Southern Cult was conceived as a homogenous religious practice, it was not homogenous and probably not necessarily (or entirely) religious. Scholars are still struggling with that: some have said it was an iconography that was restricted to the elites, to help cement their leadership roles in the far-flung communities. Others have noted that the similarities seem to fall into three categories: warriors and weaponry; falcon dancer paraphernalia; and a mortuary cult. Too Much Information? The irony is, of course, that more information is available about the SECC than most other massive cultural changes recognized in the past, making it harder to pin down a reasonable interpretation. Although scholars are still working out the possible meanings and process of the Southeastern Cultural Complex, it is eminently clear that it was a geographically, chronologically, and functionally variable ideological phenomenon. As an interested bystander, I find the ongoing SECC research a fascinating combination of what you do when you have too much and not enough information, which promises to continue to evolve for some decades to come. Mississippian Chiefdoms in the SECC A few of the largest and better known Mississippian mound cities include: Cahokia (Illinois), Etowah (Georgia), Moundville (Alabama), Spiro Mound (Oklahoma), Silvernale (Minnesota), Lake Jackson (Florida), Castalian Springs (Tennessee), Carter Robinson (Virginia) Selected Sources Blitz, John. New Perspectives in Mississippian Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 18.1 (2010): 1–39. Print.Bloch, Lee J. The Unthinkable and the Unseen: Community Archaeology and Decolonizing Social Imagination at Okeeheepkee, or the Lake Jackson Site. Archaeologies 10.1 (2014): 70–106. Print.Cobb, Charles R., and Adam King. Re-Inventing Mississippian Tradition at Etowah, Georgia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12.3 (2005): 167–92. Print.Emerson, Thomas E., et al. Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial. American Antiquity 81.3 (2016): 405–25. Print.Hall, Robert L. The Cultural Background of Mississippian Symbolism. The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis. Ed. Galloway, P. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. 239–78. Print.Knight, Vernon James Jr. Farewell to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Southeastern Archaeology 25.1 (2006): 1–5. Print.Krus, Anthony M. , and Charles R. Cobb. The Mississippian Fin De Sià ¨cle in the Middle Cumberland Region of Tennessee. American Antiquity 83.2 (2018): 302–19. Print. Meyers, Maureen. Excavating a Mississippian Frontier: Fieldwork at the Carter Robinson Mound Site. Native South 1 (2008): 27–44. Print.Muller, Jon. The Southern Cult. The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis. Ed. Galloway, P. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. 11–26. Print.

Medical Legal Aspects Of Medical Records Term Paper

Medical Legal Aspects Of Medical Records - Term Paper Example The book brings one to the recognition of the changes in the documentation process that was caused by changes in technology. The book clearly talked about the disadvantages of implementing electronic medical records in the documentation of medical records. It raises the issues that are faced with the electronic medical records and also talked about the privacy, security and confidentiality issues that the electronic medical records have. It also talked about the forensic issues that the electronic system has, explaining that the failure to authenticate the data is a common problem with the electronic medical system. There are also some operational issues with the system as the authors made this very clear in the book. Electronic medical records can create problems for an attorney as they can easily spread information about controversies surrounding a particular patient. The strengths of the book are that it does not only cover medical issues, but goes a step further in highlighting t he forensic issues in the documentation of medical records. The authors took a critical look at the examination of medical records that were found as a result of forensic examination. The weakness of the book is that there is no real or central focus as the authors talked about many issues leaving the reader confused about what the real issue is.

Health and Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health and Wellness - Essay Example The cost of cancer, the dreaded disease, is about half that amount. In the past few decades, obesity has increased by 100 percent among children and adolescents (Stevens, 2003). Overweight is not just about looks but it also encompasses a wide array of medical as well as emotional problems. The major risks related to overweight are poor quality of life and the reduction of life span due to diseases. Some of the medical consequences include diabetes, hypertension, heart problems, arthritis and cancer. The psychological consequences of overweight include disrupted self image, depression and lack of confidence. Hence, it is essential to creatively think how a physical exercise and nutrition wellness lifestyle would improve life Before we get into the details of physical and nutritional aspects of lifestyle it is essential to think what are the important lifestyle factors that play a large role in maintaining good health Positive health habits include: 7 to 8 hours of good sleep each night; healthy eating habits; maintaining a healthy weight; regular physical exercise; avoiding alcohol, smoking and drug abuse; performing self-examinations frequently; and 6 to 8 glasses of water each day (Assess Nutrition and Wellness, N.D.). Physical activity and nutrition have been identifi... Research conducted around the world has demonstrated the benefits of an active lifestyle and sound nutritional practices. The first major benefit that greatly influence an individual is the prevention of chronic diseases as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, as well as several forms of cancer (Nutrition Exercise & Wellness, 2005). Secondly, it is not only a benefit to individual but it is an economic gain for the entire nation as healthy people means healthy nation. 2. Two specific daily/weekly actions you can take toward your goal Unhealthy eating habits can cause long-term health consequences. Poor habits, lack of accurate information, and peer pressure can cause many individuals to jeopardize their health. Accurate information about nutrition and good decision-making skills will help them to improve their health now and for the future. It would be easier to ensure a healthful diet by relying on food supplements such as pills, liquids, or powders that contain purified nutrients in specific amounts. However, common man may find it difficult to buy expensive supplements. Hence, planning an appropriate diet with sufficient quantities of proteins, vitamins, minerals and fiber is essential. One can sit with a dietitian to find out the specific need and plan accordingly. Physical exercise is an important step for having a healthy life. Regular exercise will help individuals to reduce weight and have a good physic. Health professionals advise to lose weight gradually i.e. approximately two pounds per week in weight loss is maximum recommended (Assess Nutrition and Wellness, N.D.). This can be achieved through proper exercise and planned diet. 3. Time lines for implementing your action

Effective Intervention Reduce Alcohol Consumption In College Students Nursing Essay

Effective Intervention Reduce Alcohol Consumption In College Students Nursing Essay Heavy alcohol consumption among college students remains a concern across colleges and universities in the United States. Approximately 80% of all college students drink, including nearly 60% of students ages 18 to 20 (Johnston, OMalley, Bachman, Schulenberg, 2008). Even more troubling, 40.1% of full-time college students underage for legal drinking engage in binge drinking and 16.6% of students engage in heavy drinking (National Survey on Drug Use and Health [NSDUH], 2006). Binge drinking is defined as consuming five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days, bringing a persons blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 or above (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], 2004;NSDUH, 2006). Consuming five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days is considered heavy drinking (NSDUH, 2006). All heavy alcohol users are also binge alcohol users. Many colleges and universities have implemented numerous initiatives ranging from enhanced enforcement to deferred community-wide celebratory events, but with little or no success (Turner, Perkins, Bauerle, 2008). College counselors and health education centers have been the main source of counseling for students who consume alcohol. Students have the opportunity to meet with counselors to discuss their alcohol use and their interest in moderating alcohol consumption and receive personalized normative feedback, advice, and behavioral strategies for avoiding alcohol-related harm (Barnett, Murphy, Colby, Monti, 2007). Although this traditional method is still used by counselors, advances in technology are allowing counselors to use new and innovative methods to educate students on the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption. Key programs include wireless devices, e-interventions, and cybercounseling. Wireless devices provide counselors with an interactive method of reducing drinking and alcohol consequences in college students. They range from mobile devices such as cell phones and handheld computers to audience response technology, or clickers (Bernhardt et al., 2009; Killos, Hancock, Wattenmaker McGann, Keller, 2010; Labrie, Hummer, Huchting, Neighbors, 2009; LeGreco, Hess, Lederman, Schuwerk, LaValley, 2010; Turner et al., 2008). Compared to one-on-one counseling sessions, easy accessibility and the ability to assess a group of students during one session are advantages of using this intervention model. The use of such technology varies, but the outcome is the same- providing fast and accurate assessments about college students own drinking habits and the drinking habits of their peers (Bernhardt et al., 2009; Killos et al., 2010; Labrie et al., 2009; LeGreco et al., 2010; Turner et al., 2008). Mobile devices would alleviate the need for pen and paper assessments. The Handheld Assisted Network Diary (HAND) is an effective and valid method of evaluating daily drinking among college students (Bernhardt et al., 2009). Rather than counselors expecting a student to complete a daily assessment and have them return it to them after 30 days, counselors can have students record this same data on mobile devices. Although more students are likely to complete a pen and paper assessment than HAND, Bernhardt et al. (2009) found no significant difference between the two methods when students recorded their total drinks, number of drinking days, and drinks per drinking day. This suggests that those students who did complete HAND were comfortable with using the device and provided accurate information similar to those who completed pen and paper assessments. The difference in completion rates between the two methods is due to the design of HAND; students have a particular time-frame to comp lete the days assessment and are locked out of their devices at a predetermined time. This inhibits students from completing missed assessments. The disadvantage of students self-reporting data in the HAND should not diminish its advantage of being able to be completed daily with little deviation from a students active lifestyle (Bernhardt et al., 2009). Although HAND may sound promising, it should be noted that Bernhardt et al. developed this program and any of their published results may be biased. Audience response technology, commonly known as clickers, is a second type of wireless device used by counselors and health educators. Clickers are used in group interactive-feedback alcohol education sessions to decrease students perceived norms of how much other students drink (Killos et al., 2010; Labrie et al., 2009). During these sessions, a counselor or health educator would ask a group of students a series of multiple choice questions pertaining to their own drinking habits and their perception of their peers drinking habits. Students can then simultaneously respond and have their answers recorded and displayed to the group in graphical form. Killos et al. (2010) found that students who attend at least one of these sessions are more likely to believe that the typical student drinks less alcoholic beverages than perceived; those who do not attend such sessions are more likely to over-perceive the amount of alcohol a typical student consumes. This demonstrates that group clicker sessions are effective in positively influencing students beliefs about their peers drinking behaviors (Killos et al., 2010). Clicker sessions are practical because they can be designed for any variety of student groups including resident assistants, freshmen orientation groups, and high-risk drinkers such as Greeks and athletes (Killos et al., 2010). Labrie et al. (2009) examined the effectiveness of one type of group intervention, brief live interactive normative group intervention (BLING), on collegiate athletes. During a one-month follow-up after the clicker session, athletes showed evidence of changes in perceived norms, leading to changes in their own drinking habits; no further changes were seen at a two-month follow-up (Labrie et al., 2009). This suggests that clicker sessions are a fast and effective model for educating students. Clicker sessions have expanded to include two-way communication models promoting health and encouraging dialogue, rather than the original one-way communication from facilitator to student. Lets Talk About It, for example, is a simulation game engaging students about decision-making and drinking on a college campus (LeGreco et al., 2010). It was created to generate, identify, and challenge the social norms that students utilize to construct and reconstruct reality through narrative sharing, facilitated learning, and inter-student dialogue. A scenario prompt about going to a party with a friend was given to a group of students and they were asked what they would do in a particular situation (e.g. your drunk best friend is about to leave with a boy she just met). LeGreco et al. (2010) concluded that facilitators can encourage students to complete the story of a night of drinking, filling the gaps with personal experiences, choices, and narrative details by utilizing incomplete scenario s. The advantage of using programs like this is that simulations can provide a safe place for individuals to critically examine their more risky behaviors and experiment with different possibilities for healthy changes (LeGreco et al., 2010). Wireless devices are intended to expose the truth about perceived norms of college drinking. Although the studies mentioned above have shown the effectiveness of these devices, particular limitations cannot go unnoted. The major concern is that these programs only evaluated the short-term effects of the devices, whether it was 30 days or 2 months. More research is needed to examine any maintained changes and long-term effects of using wireless devices as an alcohol intervention in college students. Another concern is attendance and participation rates. During the clicker sessions, the response results that are presented back to the students could be misleading if a handful of students do not respond to any of the questions. Since this is a device that is intended for rapid responses, facilitators would be spending unnecessary time trying to figure out which clickers did not answer any of the questions. E-interventions Computer programs are changing the way college students are learning about the dangers of heavy drinking. Aside from changing perceived norms, these programs are increasing students readiness to change their drinking behaviors (Chiauzzi, Green, Lord, Thum, Goldstein, 2005; Moore, Soderquist, Werch, 2005; Murphy, Dennhardt, Skidmore, Martens, McDevitt-Murphy, 2010; Walters, Miller, Chiauzzi, 2005). Electronic interventions, or e-interventions, are directing students away from face-to-face counseling sessions and more towards self-education with personalized feedback and preventative interventions (Chiauzzi et al., 2005; Doumas Andersen, 2009; Murphy et al., 2010). Counselors may be wary about assessing students drinking behaviors outside of a traditional office visit. Moore et al. (2005) addressed this as they studied the feasibility and efficacy of a binge drinking prevention intervention for college students via the internet. Students were sent either four email-based newsletters or four identical print-based newsletters in the mail. In each web newsletter, there was a link to a short process-evaluation survey. Mail newsletters had a hard copy of the survey that would be mailed back. A greater percentage of students receiving the email-based newsletter completed the process-evaluation surveys than did the students receiving the print-based newsletter (Moore et al., 2005). This could be explained by many reasons, including easy accessibility and convenience. Students who are receiving the newsletter via email are already online and can simply click on the links; the other students would have to take the time to complete the surveys and mail t hem back. Interestingly, Moore et al. (2005) observed that the greatest results in decreasing the number of drinks per occasion and the number of occasions feeling drunk were seen in binge drinkers. Students and counselors alike would benefit from using an email-based intervention. Students are comfortable with internet communications and it is fast and convenient; for counselors, the intervention is cheaper than printing materials, assessment results are easy to enter, and there is a higher response rate from students (Moore et al., 2005). E-interventions are different from all other types of interventions because they rapidly give students personalized feedback (Bersamin, Paschall, Fearnow-Kenney, Wyrick, 2007; Chiauzzi et al., 2005; Doumas Haustveit, 2008; Doumas Andersen, 2009; Murphy et al., 2010; Thombs et al., 2007; Walters et al., 2005). These programs provide students with personalized information as part of the intervention or the intervention itself. Most programs rely heavily on educational content, providing text information about the physical, social, and behavioral effects of alcohol in the form of interactive games and quizzes (Walters et al., 2005). Electronic Checkup to Go (e-CHUG) is a 15-minute intervention designed to reduce high-risk drinking by providing personalized feedback and normative data regarding drinking and its consequences. High-risk students who had access to e-CHUG reduced their weekly drinking quantity by approximately 30% compared to a 14% increase in students who did not have access to e-CHUG (Doumas Andersen, 2009). There was also a 30% reduction in reported alcohol-related problems for high-risk students in the e-CHUG group in comparison with an 84% increase in reported alcohol-related problems for high-risk students in the control group (Doumas Andersen, 2009). MyStudentBody (MSB) provides students with tailored motivational feedback about high-risk drinking according to gender (Chiauzzi et al., 2005). Both students having access to MSB and those who did not have access were asked to complete 4 weekly 20-minute sessions. The respective websites was available for 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so students had flexible access. Chiauzzi et al. (2005) saw a significant decrease in the number of binge episodes in a typical week among all participants and a rapid decrease in the average consumption among persistent heavy drinkers who had access to MSB. Thombs et al. (2007) were the first to study normative feedback on the basis of a known blood-alcohol concentration. At night in the residence halls, freshmens BAC would be measured and recorded. The next day, these students were directed to a website where they found their BAC measure from the night before, the average BAC of the residence hall, and interactive activities. The results, however, were unexpected. BAC levels were lower in the residence hall that just had access to their own BAC level (Thombs et al., 2007). This could have been due to a number of reasons. The most practical reason, though, is that some students may have either increased their drinking on some nights or avoided providing data on nights they did not drink (Thombs et al., 2007). These automated interventions reflect the contributions of mailed self-help and in-person approaches. However, the advantage of the computer is the ability to provide much more information upon demand (Walters et al., 2005). As new programs are being developed, some questions remain unanswered. Although there is no clear relationship between the length of the intervention and its effectiveness (Walters et al., 2005), it is still unclear as to what type of information makes a difference and which approach is most relevant to college students. E-interventions have given counselors and students much to enjoy, but there is evidence that computer-based interventions are not as effective as in-person interventions with a counselor (Barnett et al., 2007; Carey, Henson, Carey, Maisto, 2009; Croom et al., 2009). These studies compared Alcohol 101 Plus with traditional brief motivational interventions (BMI). Students participating in the BMI were found to reduce drinking and related consequences (Carey et al., 2009). Similarly, at a 12-month follow-up from the initial intervention, students using a computer-delivered intervention were consuming a greater number of drinks per occasion than at baseline (Barnett et al., 2007). E-interventions focus on preventative measures and providing personalized feedback. Throughout the literature on these programs, researchers have noted a few limitations. The most commonly noted limitation is the inability to generalize the effectiveness of e-interventions. The students that are more likely to use such programs are those who report binge drinking and heavy drinking. Also, some students may find this type of intervention adequate, while others would prefer meeting with a counselor and work collaboratively on how to reduce their drinking habits. A second limitation is similar to that of the wireless devices. These studies on e-interventions only examined immediate and short-term effects of the program on alcohol reduction. Research with longer follow-ups would be ideal to examine the consistency of the students changed behaviors. Third, consideration should be given to the willingness of the university to invest in these computer programs. Lastly, concern arises with t he possibility of computers and the programs either malfunctioning or crashing. This could result in delayed feedback for students and loss of data for counselors. Cybercounseling Little, if any, research has examined the use of cybercounseling in reducing college drinking. Cybercounseling is the practice of providing professional counseling and information to clients when both are in separate or remote locations and they utilize electronic means to communicate over the Internet (Maples Han, 2008). E-mail, electronic bulletin boards, and chat rooms are all forms of cybercounseling. Counselors and students alike see the disadvantages of cybercounseling as outweighing the advantages. Maples Hans (2008) make it clear that communication by e-mail could pose a number of potential ethical concerns regarding the protection of students privacy. For instance, email accounts are prone to being hacked and the information between counselor and student could be compromised. Also, the absence of verbal and nonverbal cues in cybercounseling makes miscommunication between counselor and students more common (Maples Han, 2008). Proper assessment and interventions become non-existent when there is uncertainty about what is being said. This is especially true for counselors. Counselors are prone to use informal language while instant messaging with students; students are more likely to decrease their perceptions of the counselor as an expert and trustworthy (Haberstroh, 2010). Lastly, instant messaging is time consuming, especially if the student, the counselor, or both are slow typers (Haberstroh, Parr, Bradley, Morgan-Fleming, Gee, 2008). This creates a time-lag between responses that can lead to being distracted and slowing the pace of the session. Summary Excessive college drinking remains a national concern across all college and universities. Technology has made it possible for counselors to expand on the models of interventions used to educate college students and prevent heavy drinking. A few of these new interventions include wireless devices such as cell phones, smart phones, and handheld computers, clickers, and computer programs. Each method provides a unique, interactive experience for both the counselor and the student. Wireless devices are typically used to expose the truth about perceived norms of college drinking, while e-interventions are more focused on preventative measures and providing personalized feedback. With all technology, there exist flaws. One such flaw is seen in cybercounseling. Too many potential problems exist that the disadvantages of cybercounseling outweigh the advantages. Conclusion Technology is rapidly advancing and colleges are trying to keep up with it so that it may provide fresh solutions to existing problems such as alcohol consumption among college students. The programs that are available today vary in their purpose and their efficacy. Counselors need to consider what they want to use the intervention model for and then further research how they can get the most out of that particular intervention. E-interventions are the most popular alcohol prevention interventions; thousands of colleges and universities have implemented such programs among freshmen orientation groups and collegiate athletes. The reason for its popularity is that it is inexpensive, fast, and easy to use. Since an array of computer programs and software already exist, researchers today should be focusing on how to use these programs in the most efficient way possible. This includes studying the required length of the intervention to be effective and when the best time would be to use s uch programs.

Stopping Injustice

In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. claims â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere†. This statement is accurate because unfairness or wrongness done to one person or a group of people directly, affects all indirectly. In World War 2 Adolph Hitler wanted to clear Germany of all Jews and turn Germany into a communist country. The injustice that was happening in Germany was spreading across Europe. Eventually other countries like Italy and Russia were under the influence of communism. This injustice was spreading across Europe . The United States found this to be unjust and had to interfere because they found this to be a threat to them. If there is injustice anywhere, there is an immense possibility of it spreading, thus affecting everyone and everywhere. Another example of this is the Gulf war. This war was between Iraq and an alliance organized by a number of countries. Iraq tried to take over a piece of Persia because of its rich oil supply. The United States sent a lot of support to Persia. Even though the US didn’t have anything to do with Persia but, they took the first step to defending Persia from Iraq. They believed that a country’s borders should be respected and felt that if they did not get involved in stopping Iraq from invading Persia, and allowed this injustice to happen in Persia, the rest of the world might soon follow taking over other countries by force. So Iraq’s injustice to Persia was a threat to justice everywhere else in the world. A further example would be bullying in school. Bullying would be seen as injustice that goes on in schools. In the 4th grade, a teacher did not punish a student for hitting and making fun of another student. The teacher should have stopped this injustice but because this student went free, other students started to bully the same student that had been bullied before and eventually bullying had spread across the school. In this case, injustice was not stopped in one classroom and eventually spread across the whole school. In these examples injustice was seen as a threat to others and was stopped, but when it wasn’t injustice spread and affected justice. These instances prove that Martin Luther King Jr. s quote is accurate.

The Future of Cruise Industry

The Future of Cruise Industry Abstract Cruise industry has rapidly developing since 1990s; it becomes not only as transportation tool, but a modern way of travel and even lifestyle. It is regarded as ‘floating resorts’. This journal article focuses on the future development of cruising industry.It examines cruise industry on five main factors: the structure of the industry: high concentration and enter of Low-Cost cruise lines; the potential customers: whether aging population or young generation would be the major group of consumers; destinations and markets: define the most popular destinations and core markets, as well as the exploration of new markets and destinations; the new innovation of sea-based apartment, the safety and security issues, which significant raised concern recently; and whether the cruise industry is environmental sustainable.Three key sources are used to compare and contrast the viewpoints: Hospitality 2010, which is written by Dr. Cetron; Cruise Ship Tourism, written by Dr. Dowling; and the Cruise Ship Experience, written by Dr. Douglas. These key sources are very up-to-date and reliable, the key authors are admitted as experts whether in the business or academic field, their works are in line with the topic. This journal article identifies current situation and the future developing trends of the cruise industry. It concludes that he cruise industry has a very bright future if proper measurements and regulation are being introduced and well implemented.Nowadays, Cruise industry is concerned as the most rapid growing sector in hospitality industry, which the business is expanding by 8 percent annually. In some specific area such as Alaska and Caribbean, it remains the top industry that contributes to the economy. Cruising business is expanding and changing world-wide; however, the industry is little understood by the society. Today, ships are not viewed as a means of transport but as floating resorts. Mega ships were introd uced to carry more than 5,000 people; new ports on call and destinations are been discovered and on the way of developing the business.However, accomplished by the booming of the industry, several issues have been risen concerns on. This journal article will discuss six issues relate to the developing trends of cruise industry: the structure of the industry and further trends; the potential passengers; the existing and potential markets and destinations; the sea-based apartment—will it be popular; the concern of safety and security which is considered as primary factor due to the terrorist attacks; and the environmental issue: should corporations be self-guarded or forced to implement regulations.The thesis statement of the article is that cruise industry will overcome the difficulties and have a fortunate future. The secondary research is based on both quantitative and qualitative data, include case studies, statistics and in-depth interviews. To support the secondary data, a primary research was conducted in the form of questionnaire. The sample gathered fourty international students that majoring in hospitality and tourism management in Sydney. The sample was gained from the Carrick College, International College of Management, Sydney and Holmes College.The nationalities are varies, include Sweden, Norwegian, Australian, Japanese, Korean and Chinese. The questionnaire combines ‘Yes or No’ questions, multiple choices and short answers. These questions are in line with secondary data that discussed in the journal article, identify whether people are interested and willing to experience cruising in the future. The aim of primary research is to explore whether the responses are support or against Dr Dowling (2006), Dr. Cetron (2006) and Dr. Douglas (2004)’ findings. Literature ReviewIdeas from two key sources are used to compare and contrast in this journal article. The first key source is chapter 8 from Hospitality 2010, which is wri tten by Dr. Marvin J. Cetron, who is a professional forecaster for over 40 years admitted both by corporate and American government. He is admitted as an expert in the fields of technological forecasting, strategic planning, technology assessment, R&D planning, resource allocation, economics, marketing, and the behavioral sciences. Dr. Cetron has written 36 books, numerous articles and papers.His most popular works are future orientated. Hospitality 2010 is written in the form of business report and is considered American biased (Hall, 2007); Chapter 8 explores most of the aspects of cruising industry briefly which brought out discussion. It examines potential trends and problems such as waste management, aging population and future destinations that are particularly useful for this journal article. Dr. Ross K. Dowling is Foundation Professor and Head of Tourism in the School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure, Faculty of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Western Australi a.Professor Dowling is an international speaker, author, researcher and consultant on tourism with over 200 publications. He is passionate about Cruise Industry and he has lectured on board Silver Cloud around the east coast of Australia and New Zealand. The second source: Cruise Ship Tourism is the first comprehensive academic book to raise the awareness of cruise industry. It analyses current status of cruise industry and investigates a number of industry issues and predicts the future trends. This book gives clear direction from academic viewpoint. The third key source is The Cruise Experience written by Dr.Norman Douglas and Dr. Ngaire Douglas. Dr. Norman Douglas is Director of Pacific Profile and has taught at the University of New South Wales, the University of the South Pacific, Fiji and the University of Hawai’i. Dr. Ngaire Douglas is Associate Professor in the School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. The Cruise Experience examines cruising today, the economic impacts of cruising, and case studies from various perspectives. The Structure of Cruise Industry No doubt, three major companies control about 80% of the cruise market worldwide.The top three companies are Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean and Star Cruise. While the cruise industry’s capacity is increasing, the number of cruise companies is shirking. Douglas (2004) states that the move towards oligopoly will continually contribute to the disappearance of the mid-sized independent cruise companies which are rating from three-to-four star; only companies which have their own niche market or have strong economic background will survive. Furthermore, the Carnival Corporation aims not only the ‘world leading cruise lines’, but ‘the world only cruise line’.It means more cruise lines would likely be merged in the future; the concentration in the industry is possibly to increase even further (Dowling, 2006). Klein (2002) identifies bankruptcies as another reason for high concentration of the industry. In 2000 and 2001, seven cruise companies have ceased operations, include Premier Cruises, Commodore Cruise Line, Cape Canaveral Cruise Line and World Cruise Company, which eliminated more than 7,000 berths. Klein (2002) observes that the cruise industry’s expansion would be greater if the bankruptcies were not happened. Besides concentration that highly emphasised by experts, Dr.Dowling (2006) argues that Low Cost Cruising would make a significant growth of the industry. For example, Low Budget ‘no-frills’ style airlines had made a success in 2000s, such as Midway Airlines and SunJet Airlines. In 2005, the founder of one of the Low Cost airlines, EasyJet, has started a Low Cost no frills cruise line EasyCruise in Europe, targeted at younger generation between 20 and 40 years old; more than half of the customers are British, followed by Americans, Germans and the Swiss. Dr. Do wling (2006) asserts that there will be a rapidly growing niche market for low cost cruises. Potential PassengersAccording to Dr. Dowling (2006), a recent survey has shown that the passengers are becoming more youthful and are demanding more active itineraries. Take example of Alaska, the average age of passengers has fallen from 65 to 50 during 2004-2005. Furthermore, Dr. Dowling (2006) claims that family orientated cruises is becoming increasingly popular and will become a major niche market in future. Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA, 2004) showed 16% of cruisers bring children under age of 18 years sailed on their member line ships in 2004, which estimated number of more than one million. Dr.Cetron (2006) agrees that younger travelers form a profitable market for family cruising; to build up brand loyalty is one of the biggest advantages of catering them, cruise companies considered them as the most profitable cruisers for their later lives. Dr. Dowling (2006) observ es that compare to younger generation, the number of full-time retirees is declining due to the fact that mid-career baby boomers now make up the largest market for cruises of 42%. In contrast, Dr. Cetron (2006) strongly argued that due to the fact that people are living longer and growing older on average, these people make up a growing segment of the cruise market.According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, people over 65 were only 8% of the population in 1950 in the developed world, but 15% in 2000 and will be 27% in 2050. In some countries like Japan, the number will climb up to 37%. Secondly, senior generation take the longest and most luxurious cruises. Different from family and budget-minded passengers, elder people prefer small ships and regardless of the money just to have good times. They would be very profitable for cruise operators. Thirdly, Dr.Cetron (2006) believes that the growth of over 65 market will moderate the regular seasonality of tourism, because retirees can travel at any time; this can help cruise operators to adjust their cash flow. In addition, some cruise lines have already targeted retirees as core market and adjust their service to suit the market; Dr. Cetron (2006) recommends this market has potential consuming strength that could definitely increase revenue for the cruise company; others should follow their lead. New Markets and Destinations A number of new markets and destinations are rapidly recognised in the cruise sector.Dr. Cetron (2006) illustrates that by 2010, China is expected to be the single largest source of international tourists in the world, displacing Americans, Japanese and Germans. He predicts that 100 million Chinese will travel globally in 2020; even 1% of them take cruise trip, the market size will be more than doubled. In the meanwhile, although Dr. Dowling (2006) concerns China as a potential market as well, he suggests more studies should be conducted before enter of the market to und erstand and explore the possibility to develop cruise industry in China. Another emerging cruise destination both Dr.Cetron (2006) and Dr. Dowling (2006) have strongly emphasised is the Indian Ocean. South Africa and the Eastern African ports have already established some trade, 0. 2% of the world market, as Dr. Dowling (2006) states; the National Ports Authority is working on the development of the cruise industry in this region in order to ensure that efficient, effective services and facilities are provided to cruise liners to populate the South African coastline. As Dr. Cetron (2006) observes, cruise lines will begin to offer cruises and on board amenities suited native Indian’s taste and serve the local market.A New Innovation: Sea-based Apartment Dr. Dowling (2006) states that another area of potential expansion in the future is the rise of service apartment ships. These type of ships represent another type of community, the service include Clinique, swimming pools, sev eral restaurants, grocery stores tennis court, disco, book store, mini golf course and helicopter pad. Already there is one privately owned residential cruise liner, the world, which houses 110 apartments that have already sold out, running the business. The residents mainly come from Europe and the USA.However, some apartments usually being left empty and treated as holiday homes. Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that the possibility of whether sea-based apartment is a new opportunity for cruise lines or just a short term fashion will be identified by time. Safety and Security Anderson (2005) described security issues facing cruise industry include piracy, terrorism, drug smuggling, sexual assault and stowaways (Dowling, 2006). Piracy is a form of terrorism that exists for a long time. However, it has been largely ignored by the community due to the frequency of attacks. Dr.Dowling (2006) demonstrates the main cruise ships routes of piracy include the Straits and Malacca, the Red Sea a nd Indonesian and Malaysian waters. Another issue which has continually raising the concern is terrorism, despite of the infrequency of attack of cruise lines. The Caribbean has been identified as a major area of terrorist attack. Dr. Dowling (2006) detected that terrorist incidents within the cruise industry has been very rare, which is less than 2% of all terrorist attacks in the last thirty years. It may due to difficulty of accessibility and the specialist skills compare the way to attack land-based targets (Chalk, 2002).Dr. Cetron (2006) argued that cruise ships are ideal targets for terrorists who are willing to sacrifice themselves as they can take large number of people with them. The second reason is, as the government facilities and land-based buildings are becoming harder to attack, cruise ships are currently facing great risk. Furthermore, 94 percent of American rate the hotel safety as a primary factor in order to decide where to stay (Cetron, 2006). Regarding cruises a s floating hotels, terrorism becomes a top concern for passengers. Both Dr. Cetron (2006) and Dr.Dowling (2006) mentioned the highjack of the Italian cruise liner â€Å"Achille Lauro† in 1985, which a US citizen was killed. Great emphasis of improving passengers’ safety and security was implemented immediately after the attack. Even though, bomb threats on board have never stopped, accomplished by people being killed. Recently, The International Ship and Port Safety (ISPS) Code was fully implemented in order to control the situation. Dr. Dowling (2006) emphasises US and Australia have higher security measures than other countries to prevent terrorist attacks on maritime targets.In addition, Australia has some of the most secure ports in the world including the USA. Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that there is little the industry can do to prevent terrorism, however, it can be minimised through better security both at sea and in port. In addition, Dr. Cetron predicts that the legislation will be much tighter in the future regarding to the prevention of terrorism on board. Environmental Sustainability: Environmental Policy Challenges The question has been raised that whether cruise industry is environment sustainable or not. As the primary survey shows, environmental issues are not being realised seriously by society.Surprisingly, 74 percent of the sample responded with no clue of what environmental impact the cruise industry would cause, which is very shock. In fact, the destinations that located in biodiversity hotspots are being highly concerned as they have the most diverse and threatened environments on Earth. The destinations include the Caribbean, The Mediterranean, Western Mexico, the Panama Canal Zone and the South Pacific. Over the last 40 years, the governments have already made some progress and implementing environmentally responsible legislation and policy guidelines.However, Furger (1997); Freeman (1997); Luke (1997) and Sinclair (1997 ) argues that â€Å"current debate shows ongoing progress will not be accomplished by government intervention alone† (cited in Dowling, 2006). To examine whether self-regulation and voluntary guidelines or control regulation is more suitable for the cruise industry, two case studies from Juneau, Alaska, USA and Sydney, NSW, Australia are examined in the article. No doubt, the state of Alaska has the strictest regulations for cruise ships in the world, as the state regards the industry as primary factor that contribute to the local economy.The sewage and grey water discharge are especially strict in Juneau. Dr. Dowling (2006) states The Clean Water Act in the USA allows sewage to be dumped into the ocean beyond 3 miles of shore but not navigable water. Grey Water can be discharged anywhere in the USA but Alaska and the Great Lakes. Once the legislation has set, cruise companies responded voluntarily and showed their enthusiasm to go beyond compliance, which effect their market ing, reputation and economic value. Their strategies include best practice management, eco-labelling and green marketing.In the meanwhile, innovative technology in the form of advanced on-board wastewater treatment facilities was introduced by the cruise industry that is commonly applied to the cruise ships today. However, Dr. Klein (2002) argues that environmental responsibility can never voluntarily assumed due to the disappointed history. Dr. Klein (2002) describes the pattern that most industry innovations follow is, deny their faulty behaviour, persuade government to not implement regulations, resist enforcement, and after being caught, announce new company’s regulations.He maintains that self-regulation is the way cruise companies to escape from being caught. The situation in Sydney is a reverse of Juneau, where ‘regulation stifles innovation and discourages beyond compliance behaviour’ (Dr. Dowling, 2006). The legislation of ‘no-discharge’ in Sydney has made shipping agents frustrated. In Juneau, those ships with the state-of-art wastewater systems can discharge continuously cannot make exceptions from no-discharge policy applies at Sydney Harbour.To reply these unhappy operators, Sydney ports argue that even advanced wastewater system installed in cruises, produce still excess nutrients (Sydney waterways, 2003). However, no-charge policy has made the new system become a financial liability to cruise companies. They have to afford the cost of installing and operating the system but still have to pay for sewage disposal. To reduce the cost, cruise companies use older ships with older technologies instead of new ships in Australia; they argue that the no-charge policy is actually posing a degree of harm to the environment, which because older ships poses even more environmental hazards.In summary, experts support various viewpoints: Sinclair (1997) noted that mix of policy mechanisms and technological innovation should be involved; Klein (2002) asserts the industry requires strong legislations to control the corporations’ behaviour; on the other hand, Rondinelli (2000) believes more industry self-regulation would work. The key author Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that due to the failure of corporations to build up their credibility and continually being caught and charged, cruise companies should not be trusted by self-regulation; Dr.Dowling (2006) observes strong legislation would best control the disposal issue and maintains environmental sustainability efficiently. Conclusion It is obvious cruise industry is big business; not only for cruise operators, but valuable for many nations, cities, ports and communities. Just in North American region in 2004, it provided 135,000 jobs and contributed US$30 billion on the US economy, which increased more than 18% over the previous year.The business structure will be very similar to the current airline industry, which dominate by oligopolists but small growing sector for Low Cost cruises; and these large companies might implement predation strategy, increase the frequency of sailing routes and depress the prices to drive Cost cruises out, like what American Airline did in 1990s. Secondly, the passengers will not only be concentrated on elder generation, but involved all age groups; different cruise lines will particularly target different groups when considering purchase new vessels and planning market strategies.Thirdly, the progress of developing cruise industry in developing countries is on their ways, the future markets and destinations will not be only in developed nations, but spread globally. Next, the trend of sea-based apartment is difficult to predict, but due to the luxury and extremely high price of purchasing, one thing cannot deny that it is entertain for upper class only. Furthermore, due to the continue impact from terrorist attack and risen concern from passengers, the policy of safety and security will be increa singly tighter with new detecting technology involved.Lastly, the environmental sustainability issue will never be finished the discussion. In my opinion, doesn’t matter what action people take into account, when there is human activities, it will be no longer sustainability. However, due to the fact that it is merely impossible for human being to stop discovering the Earth, what government and non-profitable orgnisations can do is to minimise our influence to the environment, establish more policies to regulate and strict activities with monitoring, because I believe deeply that self-regulation will never work, as long as the improper discharge of wastes can save their cost.At the very end, I strongly believe the cruise industry will have a very bright future, for the cruise operators, the consumers, the employment, the society and the governments. References Cetron, M. (2006). Hospitality 2010— the Future of Hospitality and Travel. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall D owling, R. K. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. London: CABI. Douglas, N. & Douglas, N. (2004). The Cruise Experience – Global and Regional Issues in Cruising. London: CABI. Ebersold, W. B. Business Briefing: Global Cruise– Cruise Industry in Figures. 2004). [Online]. Available: http://www. touchbriefings. com/pdf/858/ebersold. pdf [Accessed 2008, April 1]. Klein, A. R. (2002). Cuise Ship Blues—The Underside of the Industry. Canada: New Society Publishers Ye, W. China’s Cruise Economy is Ready to Bloom. (2007). [Online]. Available: http://www. ccyia. com/english/News_View. asp? NewsID=154 [Accessed 2008, March 31]. Choi, C. Q. (2007, March 25). Cruise Lines Face More Policing of Waste Disposal. The New York Times. P5. Appendix Survey on Cruise Industry 1. Have you ever been taken a cruise trip?Yes No 2. Are you willing to take a cruise trip in the future? Yes No Not sure 3. Which type of cruise do you prefer? A. Small luxury ships with personalised service B. Big ships, 1000 – 2000 passengers, probably need to Queue for amenities/facilities C. Budgeted cruise trip 4. Who would you likely to travel with? A. Friends B. Family C. Alone 5. How many days do you prefer to spend on cruising? A. 3 days B. 3 to 7 days C. 14 days D. A month 6. What is your spending expectation during the stay on a cruise?A. AU$50 to 100 B. AU$100 To 300 C. More than AU$300 7. Is there any destinations you wish to visit? Eg, the Caribbean, Alaska, Australia round trip, Antarctic, Malaysia/Indonesia, China 8. Why you choose cruise trips but not land-based hotels/resorts? Give one or more reasons. 9. What is the most important factor that you consider when choosing a route or cruise line? 10. Do you know the cruise lines are damaging the environment especially the marines? If yes, what things should be done to prevent/reduce the impact of cruise industry?