Genetically modified Essay

Throughout my time enrolled in this course, I have learned many valuable lessons. However, the most important lesson that I have learned is how to be a better writer. By completing the various assignments in this course, particularly the substantiation assignment, I have learned how to better explain my opinions as well as support them. However, one of the major challenges that I faced in this course was properly citing my work. Since I have used a different style of citation throughout high school, it was difficult for me to adjust to the new citation rules at the university level. With regards to assignment six, I enjoyed completing this assignment. Part of the reason why I enjoyed it was that it was a topic that I really liked. However, the tricky part of the assignment, according to me, was coming up with facts to support the essay. Nevertheless, I believe that I did a pretty good job finding enough evidence to support the thesis. Overall, I was pretty satisfied with this course. Although I did not achieve the mark I desired, I still learned valuable lessons throughout the course of this subject. One specific quality that I liked about this course was the use of Turnitin. It was a very helpful tool which made handing in assignment very easy and convenient. Another aspect of the course that I really admired was the availability of the Catalyst. Due to its easy access, I was able to learn key skills to help strengthen my assignments. Last but not least, the use of peer review was very beneficial as well. It was a very unique tool to help students improve their essay. One thing that I do recommend for the future is to provide the students with a grading criteria. Often times, I was confused as to what I need to incorporate to ensure I receive the proper marks. Nevertheless, this is a very educational course and I highly recommend it to future students. I wish to thank you for reviewing my assignment. If you have any question please contact me at ahmed12q@uwindsor. ca and (519)-251-1776 to reach you at. Sincerely, Danish Ahmed Student Number: 103323080 Business Administration DA ENCLOSURES: Assignment #6 COPY: FILE Genetically Modified Foods The release and use of genetically modified (GM) crops and GM-derived ingredients has caused debates in many parts of the world. Moreover, many experts, despite having conflicting views, share a good deal of common ground on certain features of the GM debate: in particular, the GM foods’ unknown long term effects. In other words, experts agree that many issues, like potential health, ecological, and economical hazards, concerning GM foods merit attention due to the current, uncertain results of GM food technology. GM crops come under the broad category of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and defined as organisms whose genetic information has been altered by DNA Recombinant Technology (a technique that allows the artificial combination of genetic material of different individuals) (Whitman 1). Although this scientific technique is fairly recent, it has, nevertheless, revolutionized the agricultural industry. Scientist are now able to produce new species of rice, maize, soy bean, corn and many other staple crops with resistance to drought, herbicides and many pests (Campbell and Reece 406). As such, it holds the potential to increase crop yield as fewer crops are destroyed due to environmental conditions. However, it was not until 1998 when GM crops’ initial drawbacks were realized. Genetically modified foods, including both raw crops and processed ingredients, impose serious health risks, both to humans and other organisms. Moreover, there is evidence that genetic modifications can trigger uncontrollable genetic interactions amongst the host genes, endangering many agricultural species. In August 1998 the first controversy was sparked, especially in Europe, by a report from a leading nutrition researcher, Dr. Arpad Pusztai, concerning the safety of GM foods. Pusztai claimed that GM food fed rats showed stunted growth and weak immune systems. His report, however, was greatly criticized and rejected by many scientists because of lack of substantial evidence (Pusztai 1). Nevertheless, the report opened up an area of contemplation. In May 2005, a report published by Monsanto, a leading biotech firm, confirmed differences in kidney sizes and blood composition of rats fed with GM corn (Lendman 1). Although these documented reports are limited to laboratory settings, the results do point to a possibility of health hazards in the long run. It is evident that GM foods require more research before they are safe for consumption because if the symptoms do arise, it will affect a wide range of consumers and the damage will be impossible to overcome. Apart from direct health hazards, there are concerns over the emergence of insecticide resistant weeds and pests because of GM foods (Weaver 160). Since certain species of GM crops are resistant to insecticides, they allow farmers to spray more chemicals in order to avoid weeds and pests from destroying their harvests. However, since all living organisms are biological entities subject to the natural processes of evolution and ecology, any insecticide designed to kill an organism adds selective pressure for resistance on that target organism. According to S. A Weaver and M. C. Morris of the Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Ethics, this theoretical concern has been repeatedly demonstrated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in human medicine and in the evolution of resistance to chemical pesticides in agriculture (Weaver 161). There are over 500 species of insects known to be resistant to insecticides, and the numbers will steadily grow if not controlled (Bergman 1). Insecticide resistance poses severe effects to agriculture and health. If pests become resistant to conventional insecticides, more quantities of more powerful chemicals may have to be used. This increased use of insecticides will, in turn, increase chemical exposure on other forms of life in the surrounding area, including humans, and will have adverse effects on soil and water due to run offs (National Research Council 2). These effects are amplified in regions where GM crops are planted as GM crops, unlike conventional crops, do not absorb or breakdown any of these chemicals. As such, more chemicals are left over in active form. Nevertheless, the lives of humans and other organisms are endangered. Another potential health concern in using GM foods is the possibility of allergic reactions in humans due to the insertion of exotic genes into plants. This hazard came into notice in 1993 when Pioneer Hi-Bred International, another biotech firm, developed a soybean variety with an added gene from a Brazil nut. A study later done by the University of Nebraska revealed that the added gene could cause allergic reactions in humans (Leary 1). The second category of risks is that to the environment, especially by insecticide-resistant GM crops. Insecticide-resistant crops make up the largest segment of GM crops. According to statistics, nearly 81% of all GM crops harvested worldwide contained a gene for insecticide resistance (Sustainable Agricultural Network 3). Since all agricultural systems exist within an overall ecosystem, there is concern among scientists that numerous complex interrelationships amongst natural organisms can become disrupted by the introduction of GM crops. This concern became particularly important in a study done in the United Kingdom in May 2005 which proved that biodiversity was lower in fields with insecticide-resistant crops when compared to the conventional varieties (Weaver 169). The reason for the shocking results was attributed to the physical differences between insecticide resistant plants and conventional crops. Insecticide resistant plants have immunity to chemicals and pests because they produce a form of toxic protein called Bt protein (Weaver 160). During conventional insecticide spraying, only the above ground part of the plant is exposed to chemicals. However, in the case of insecticide resistant GM crops, toxin is present throughout the plant, even in the roots. When the GM crops are harvested, the remains of the roots release these Bt toxins. Thus, the concentration of toxins in the soil is increased, endangering even the beneficial organisms of the area. The effect of toxins expressed through GM crops is, therefore, of real concern. However, the biggest environmental concern associated with genetic modification is the inability to prevent exotic genetic material from transferring into the wild population. Many experts are concerned that the genes inserted into GM crops to increase their yield might transfer into weeds by complex genetic movement pathways (Pandey 1). This would cause the spread of â€Å"super weeds. † Such weeds will become immune to the chemicals normally used to control them, resulting in the use of stronger chemical controls (Randerson 1). The surrounding population of organisms, including humans, will inevitably be affected with increased toxicity in the environment. There is also a concern that insect resistance genes in GM plants may escape into the wild, leading to the more rapid development of resistance in insect populations, or to insect resistance in wild plants. Nevertheless, the delicate relationship that exists in the ecosystem will be disrupted, as the normal insect-plant relationship will be altered. Although these are one of the first instances of genetic transfer, scientists are now beginning to question GM foods’ implications on the environment. The third category of risks is that relating to economics. Despite increased yields, GM crops remain an economical concern, especially to the third world. This concern is highlighted by the development of a highly controversial genetically modified food technology – the terminator seed. The terminator seeds are genetically modified to produce plants that bear infertile seeds, which the biotech companies feel will reduce gene transfer into the wild (McDonagh 1). However, analysts feel these seeds could devastate small farmers everywhere and give multinational biotech companies an even stronger grip on world food production since terminator technology will force farmers to buy new seeds every season instead of reusing seeds from their crops (Mooney 1). Even if terminator technology is outlawed, GM crops will still not allow third world nations to compete with the developed countries in the area of agriculture. Since all of the major genetically modified seeds are patented by multinational biotech companies, the prices of these seeds are controlled by such corporations (Nestle 1). Struggling economies, whose major financial resources depend on agricultural exports, are unable to purchase these seeds. Moreover, conventional crops are no match to the increased harvests of GM crops. As such, most of the market share is owned by developed nations who harbour major biotech companies. Hence, the global economy is affected due to the sanctioning of GM foods. In conclusion, the concern about the genetic modification of food is an issue that involves complex area of study, like health, ecology and economics. The combination of theoretical knowledge and empirical data provided clearly outlines the associated risks of genetic modification of food/crops in the long run. Unlike conventional crops, GM crops are inherently unstable in expressing their genetic information and exhibit abnormal proteins which cause fatal allergic reactions and other health risks in humans and other organisms. Moreover, the genetic transfer of information from GM crops to the wild can promote the evolution of â€Å"super weeds† and insecticide resistant pests, causing disturbances in delicate ecological relationships and increased use of pesticides. Furthermore, the decision to release GM foods holds important economic concerns that must be addressed when assessing the risks of GM foods. The terminator seed technology as well as increased involvement of biotech corporations in the agriculture business can bring about changes in the global economy, some of which could be catastrophic for the developing nations. Works Cited Bergman, Jerry. Pesticide Resistance in Insects: Bad News for Macroevolution Theory. Association of Alberta. April 2004. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson, 2005. Print. Leary, Warren. Genetic Engineering of Crops Can Spread Allergies, Study Shows. New York Times. 14 March 1996. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Lendman, Stephen. Health Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods. Rense. 22 February 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2010. McDonagh, Sean. The Pros and Cons of GE Foods. Columban. 2003. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Mooney, Pat. Terminator Seeds Threaten an End to Farming. Third World Traveler. 1998. Web. 28 Nov 2010. National Research Council. Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1996. Print. Nestle, Marion. One Company. Lots of Patented Seeds. Most of Your Food. The Daily Green. 12 March 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Pandey, A. Genetically modified food: Its uses, future prospects and safety assessments. Science Alert. 21 October 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Pusztai, Arpad. Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?. ActionBioscience. June 2001. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Randerson, James. Genetically-modified Superweeds â€Å"not uncommon† . New Scientist. 5 February 2002. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Sustainable Agriculture Network. Clarification on the Prohibition of Genetically Modified Crops. Sustainable Agriculture Network. July 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Weaver, Sean. â€Å"Risks associated with genetic modification: An annotated bibliography of peer reviewed natural science publications. † Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics 18. 2 (2005):157-189. Print. Whitman, Deborah. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?. ProQuest. April 2000. Web. 28 Nov 2010.

Product Mix

INTRODUCTION Operating in over 50 countries with more than 100,000 people, Johnson & Johnson USA has been ranked 4 times in the â€Å"Fortune Top 10† list of the most admired companies in the US. Johnson & Johnson (J&J) India, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson USA, is one of the leading players in the Indian pharmaceutical and consumer products business. It has employee strength of over 1,800. It started business in India in 1947 in Bombay with Johnson’s Baby Powder, and, over time, introduced other products like toothbrushes, Johnson’s Baby Cream and Prickly Heat Powder. Briefing about this world class company, we can have a glimpse on the following points:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Global Manufacturer of Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Products and Medical Devices. Listed in Fortune 500 Companies Ranked 1st among 50 top Pharmaceutical companies 230 subsidiary companies with operations in over 57 countries. Well-known consumer products are the BAND-AID Brand line of bandages, Tylenol Medications , JOHNSON'S BABY Products Produced its first products in 1886 Incorporated in 1887 ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON served as the first President of the company. In 1910,JAMES WOOD JOHNSON succeeded him as President. William C. Weldon is the President (since 2002 Onwards) The other key Members of the company are:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ William C. Weldon:- Chairman ,Board of Directors; Chairman ,Executive Committee; Chief Executive Officer †¢ †¢ Christine A. Poon:- Vice-Chairman ,Board of Directors; Member ,Executive Committee Dominic J. Caruso: – Member, Executive Committee; Vice President, Finance; Chief Financial Officer. COMPANY STRUCTURE †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Based on the principle of Decentralized Management. Executive Committee is the principal management group. Committee is responsible for the operations and allocation of the resources. Oversees and coordinates the activities of the three segments. Each subsidiary within the business segments is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located. SUBSIDIARY HOLDINGS Johnson & Johnson is a highly diversified company with at least 230 subsidiaries, which it refers to as the â€Å"Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies†. Some of these subsidiaries include: †¢ †¢ †¢ ALZA Corporation Baby Center, L. L. C. Johnson & Johnson, Group of Consumer Companies, Inc. Johnson & Johnson Health Care Systems Inc. Johnson & Johnson – Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L. L. C. Pfizer Consumer †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ J in INDIA †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Spread its roots in India during 1947. It was Mr. Patrick Whaley who set the foundation. Launched Johnson’s Baby cream and Prickly Powder. Product like bellodomma, pharmaceutical tapes were imported from the parent company. In Sep. 957, a new company Johnson & Johnson India Ltd. was created and registered. Recently this company celebrated its 50 years in India. †¢ SEGMENTS OF BUSINESS Johnson & Johnson is organized into three business segments:†¢ †¢ †¢ Consumer Pharmaceutical Medical Devices and Diagnostics Consumer J manufactures and markets a broad range of products used in the fields like:†¢ â € ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Baby and Child Care Skin Care Oral and Wound Care Women’s Health Care Nutritional and Over-the-counter Pharmaceutical Products MAJOR BRANDS Some of the major Brands of J are:†¢ †¢ AVEENO (Skin Care Products) BAND-AID (Brand Adhesive Bandages) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ CLEAN & CLEAR (Teen Skin Care Products) JOHNSON’S BABY (Baby Products) NEUTROGENA (Skin and Hair Care Products) REMBRANDT (Brand of Oral Care Products) SPLENDA (No Calorie Sweetener) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO PRODUCT MIX J is known not only for the quality service & types of products but also for the variety & range of products. It has a huge list of Product Lines with enormous depth in each line. It also has a tremendous width & depth in its Product Mix. Its Product Lines are in the following segments:? Baby & Child Care ? Skin Care ? Oral and Wound Care ? Women’s Health Care ? Nutritional and Over-the-counter ? Pharmaceutical Products ? Medical Devices and Equipment. Some of the Products in the Product Line of Baby & Child Care are as:0 Baby Hair Oil 0 Baby Soap 0 Baby Cream 0 Baby Body Lotion 0 Baby Massage Oil 0 Baby Powder 0 Baby Nappy Pads 0 Baby Shampoo J has done the Brand Line extension in the products like Hair Oil, Soap, Cream, Massage Oil, Powder & Shampoo by launching these products in various fragrance & colours. In today’s changing times, where people have become more conscious towards their health & thus moving towards natural products, they prefer using J products over other Brands. J has captured the customers by Positioning itself as a Company providing Natural products devoid of chemicals. Thus its graph of Customer Confidence Index is high as compared to other Brands. Not only the Kids & New Born, but also the teenagers & upper age group customers have been the Target of J. It has its products flowing for every age group & in every segment. Some of the products in the product line of Skin Care are:0 0 Aveeno (Brand for Skin Care Products) Clean & Clear face wash 0 Clean & Clear Cream 0 Clean & Clear Cleansing Milk 0 Neutrogena (Brand for Skin & Hair Care products) 0 Body Lotion etc. J also has its Oral Care products by the name Rembrandt. It also has its No Calorie Sweetener by the name Splenda. Product Line Length of J in Pharmaceuticals is huge. The products are for various Therapeutic uses such as:0 Anti Fungal 0 Anti-Infective 0 Cardiovascular 0 Contraceptive 0 Dermatology 0 Gastrointestinal and many more†¦ Band-Aid is one of the most popular pharmaceutical products of J. Product Line of J in Medical Devices & Equipments is also quiet impressive. 0 0 It includes a broad range of products distributed to Wholesalers, Hospitals & Retailers. Used principally in the professional fields by Physicians, Nurses, Therapists, Hospitals, Diagnostic Laboratories and Clinics. Products include Cordis’ circulatory disease management products, DePuy’s orthopedic joint reconstruction and spinal care products. Vistakon's ACUVUE Disposable Contact Lens. One Touch Brand Blood Glucose Meters from LifeScan, Inc. P. F. C. Sigma Knee System from DePuy, Inc. 0 0 0 0 J&J also has several women’s Health Care products. Thus J&J has segmented the market in a way so as to target Kids, Teenagers, Women & also people those are conscious about Natural products. It has strongly covered the market by diversifying itself into Pharmaceuticals & Manufacturer of Medical Equipments & devices. MILESTONES †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1989: Introduced the first test kit for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis C. 1996: Introduced the first test kit to screen blood for antigens to HIV-1, the virus that is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases in the U. S. 997: Introduced the first fully automated blood banking system in Europe. 1999: Introduced the first fully automated blood and plasma screening system. 2000: Introduced the first blood screening kit for HCV antigen. AWARDS & RECOGNISATION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ In the year 2005 J&J was recognized by National Safety Council for the excellence in environmental, health and sa fety management. In the year 2006 Working Mother Magazine named J&J in best 100 places to work for mother. Fortune magazine ranked J&J in 9th position in over all industry and also listed it in the America most admired companies in 2006. In the year 2007 J&J receive the Spark Award for the new packing and advertising campaign. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY †¢ †¢ †¢ Centre of Health, Environment and Justice AND J&J launched PVC consumer campaigns. Developed a PVC phase out policy in June 2007 Signed the Compact for Safe Cosmetics. A pledge to make safe products. Eco-Friendly Endeavour’s 0 0 Reached a settlement with the U. S. govt. in December 2006. Installed a â€Å"ZERO† discharge cooling tower water treatment system. Help-age 0 0 0 Donated to TSUNAMI relief efforts in Asia. Gave $10 million to September 11 , 2001 victims. Working to reduce its green house gas emissions. Environmental Policy 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integrating Environmental goals. Striving for ZERO WASTE. 100% resource efficiency. Enhancement of environment. Utilizing innovative technologies. Fostering ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS. CREDO 0 0 0 0 0 0 Our first responsibility – doctors, nurses, mothers, fathers, consumers. Everything of high quality. Constantly strive to reduce costs. Customers’ orders -serviced properly. Suppliers & distributors – make profit. Envt. is the ultimate human health issue. FUTURE PLANS J&J Corporation has a very good perception of India. This has been supported by good results in the country. The outlook is bullish, and is supported by a high level of confidence in the Indian management team and more investments likely in the coming years. Double-digit growth is forecast for the India operations. India would be a key growth driver for J&J worldwide. J&J is also exploring the opportunities for setting up BPO operations in the country.

Yonanas Competitive Trends

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Fahad alhajri - Research Paper Example One would even go further and state that the American government has chosen to keep the Native American areas of New Mexico at bay because it feels that they are more trouble than productive members of American society. This neglect has brought about a negative stigma within the populations where poverty in the state is most prevalent and this has led many of the individuals involved to give up hope of working towards the ending of their own poverty. The poor residents of New Mexico have little political voice and this may account for their being left out of the mainstream American way of life as they continue to sink deeper into poverty. In fact, the suicide rates among the residents of this state are actually quite high and this is often due to the loss of hope in improving their own lives. The political neglect of the people of this state is so great that their problems are not even highlighted during campaigns, and this has ensured that the area in which they live has become an u nappealing location for growing businesses to set up base in. the negative stigma caused by the poverty of the state has made it the least attractive place for those professionals, such as doctors and teachers, to work. This has created a situation where the state even lacks the most qualified professionals who would help to improve not only its health system but also the education of its children. The fact that people are discouraged from working in the area creates a dilemma, because with low quality of education and health care that results, there also develops the problem of high unemployment rates and coupled with low healthcare, the poverty is made even worse within the population. Considering the absence of public and private investment in the neglected areas of the state, better communication between the State and tribal governments, and more consideration to the requirements of the people of these areas, the poverty rate is estimated to upsurge (Kusel). While this may be a fact, it is also true that there are many underlying causes of the rampant poverty within the state and some of these shall be considered in greater detail. The causes of poverty in New Mexico have to be understood in order for decisions to be made on how to remedy them and bring the state into prosperity. Page-Reeves (33) states that New Mexico has the 13th highest rate of food insecurity in the United States and is related to the state of Mississippi as among the states with the highest poverty rates. It has further been seen that one in every four children within the state do not know where they will get their next meal, and this is a source of concern for the strategic planners of the state (Ramirez). Because of the arid nature of the state, there has developed the need for distributing food to the poor and this has led to the setting up of more than 600 emergency food distribution sites that serve more than forty thousand people every week. In some parts of the states, it has b een estimated that quite a large number of the population did not have the required meals in a day to remain healthy. Because of the chronic poverty which has been made worse because of the lack of opportunity within the state, an approximate of 17,000 people in New Mexico are homeless, and these, for instance, include five

Six Sigma at General Electric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Six Sigma at General Electric - Essay Example Its goal is to ensure that there are no problems with any product or service that GE provides. This is done through quarterly customer surveys and daily manufacturing checks by internal engineers (Cohen, 1997).Since the 1980s, GE has sought improvement in business-performance and profitability through various programs (Hendericks and Kelbaugh, 1998). However, in 1995, Welch decided that those programs were not enough and directed the company to undertake Six Sigma as a corporate initiative. He said that it "is the only initiative he will introduce, but it will be introduced everywhere".The introduction of Six Sigma within GE was a dramatic culture change requiring impetus from the very top. Welch's personal leadership and direction was necessary and instrumental in the rollout of Six Sigma. When the employees tried to dismiss Six Sigma as the program of the month, Welch changed the business structure at a corporate level to underscore the importance of the goal. He implemented two no table strategic changes:The concept of Six Sigma at GE deals with measuring and improving how close the company comes in delivering on what it planned to do. Six Sigma provides a way for improving processes so that the company can more efficiently and predictably produce world-class products and services. There is a five-phased methodology applied by a Six Sigma team to tackle specific problems to reach Six Sigma levels (Paul, 1999). (We note that when Six Sigma was first launched at GE Aircraft Engines, a four-step methodology (MIAC) was followed. Recently, the Define phase has been added to recognize the importance of having a well-scoped project and to be in line with the current practices across GE): (1) Phase 1 - define (D). Who are the customers and what are their priorities A Six Sigma project team identifies a project suitable for Six Sigma efforts based on business objectives as well as customer needs and feedback. As part of the definition phase, the team identifies those attributes, called CTQs (critical to quality characteristics), that the customer considers to have the most impact on quality. (2) Phase 2 - measure (M). How is the process measured and how is it performing The team identifies the key internal processes that influence CTQs and measures the defects currently generated relative to those processes. (3) Phase 3 - analyze (A). What are the most important causes of defects The team discovers why defects are generated by identifying the key variables that are most likely to create process variation. (4) Phase 4 - improve (I). How do we remove the causes of the defects The team confirms the key variables and quantifies their effects on the CTQs. It also identifies the maximum acceptable ranges of the key variables and validates a system for measuring deviations of the variables. The team modifies the process to stay within the acceptable range. (5) Phase 5 - control (C). How can we maintain the improvements Tools are put in place to ensure that under the modified

Freedom of speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Freedom of speech - Essay Example The law should not limit them from using the best tools available, which is what currently exists. This ban is not only discriminatory but unreasonable. It assumes that the persons involved in vandalism are under the age of 21. Further, it suggests that persons in that age group are not able to decipher what constitutes wholesome, responsible and proper behavior from what does not. This ban is an act of suppression of the right to progress beyond limits placed by the authorities. It forces persons under the age of 21 to break laws which hinders on their progress and prevents them from expressing themselves in a wholesome manner. In so doing it casts them in the light of being law breakers. It needlessly casts a level of guilt on that age group and reduces them to the level of criminals when they are really not engaged in wrongdoing. If freedom of speech is to remain the right of all this discriminatory and suppressive ban needs to be removed as it cuts at the core of creativity. The youths should not be made to pay in any way for societal problems such as that which caused the ban. Reference Find Law (n.d.). Vincenty v. Bloomberg. Retrieved from: http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1070582.html

Stress coping in people with HIV positive Essay

Stress coping in people with HIV positive - Essay Example After discussing the possible treatment and prevention approaches used in people with HIV, strategic ways on how health care professionals can enable them to cope with the psychological distress associated with the disease will be thoroughly discussed. By going through a personal reflection, the health situation will be applied in Hong Kong particularly on how the HK government is promoting safer sex practice. The fact that HIV infection is a life-threatening disease is already considered as a major source of stress among the HIV infected individuals. (Riggs, Vosvick, & Stalling, 2007) Individuals who were informed by their physicians that ‘they only have few months to live’ could negatively affect the physical functioning, psychological, social, and emotional well-being of the person. As a result, some of the HIV infected people loses their hope to be treated and cured from the disease. HIV infected individuals would tend to withdraw from their social life aside from putting an end to their relationship with their love ones (Wadland & Gleeson, 1991). In most cases, there is a strong possibility for HIV infected individuals to unconsciously use other maladaptive coping strategies including denial, disengagement, and/or abusing the use of illegal substances (Gore-Felton et al., 2006; Komiti et al., 2003). Aside from the having the thought that the life span of HIV infected individuals is already limited, it is likely that these individuals would seek medical assistance from professional medical team. Basically, the cost of treating and promoting a better quality life for HIV infected individuals can be very costly not only on the part of the HIV infected individual himself but also to his family members. In line with the high cost of medical intervention, we can consider the financial burden of becoming infected with HIV as

Evidence of a Glass Ceiling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence of a Glass Ceiling - Assignment Example It would send a very positive message throughout the organization and externally if the company affirmatively recruited a pool of candidates in which there is adequate representation by women and minorities. This does not mean that a woman must be selected if she is not most qualified, but rather than an effort must be made to bring in qualified female candidates. The next time there is an opening within the senior leadership, the employees at large should draft a petition demanding this kind of affirmative action. If women and minorities had access to equal pay and opportunities for advancement, everyone would benefit in some way primarily because it would be truly just. When people are treated differently because of their gender or skin color, it sets up a severely unethical system that ultimately harms everyone in an organization, and contributes to the harm of society at large. Even if white men currently earn more on average than women and minorities, they are not really benefiting, particularly since the expectation is not that their pay would be reduced, but rather that the pay of women and minorities be increased in order to achieve equality. Real justice ultimately benefits everyone, and so there are no stakeholders who would not benefit. I once attended a business lunch with clients from the Far East.

Criminal Justice Budget Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice Budget Essay Harris County, in Houston Texas, contains a pretty large population, and a large majority of that population classified as home owners. Harris county’s geographic size is considerably large, with a population estimate exceeding 3,935,855 peoples in 2007 (US Census Bureau, 2009). Furthermore, the percentage of Caucasians is around 73. 6%, with the Black population consisting of 18. 9%, Native Americans exceeding . 6%, Asian persons around 5. 5% and lastly the Hispanic population being around 38. 6% (US Census Bureau, 2009). The land area per 200 square miles is 1,728. Harris County’s current federal spending budget for the year of 2007 is around 21, 152, 659. When determining a budget for Harris County, one important aspect to consider is the county’s retail sales, which is around 39,358,036, displaying the current of industry and economic growth. The federal government spent over 19 billion dollars in 2003 on the war on drugs, at a rate of about 600 dollars per second (www. drugsense. org). The total amount of money spent on the war on drugs at the federal level is about 4,258,600,939, while at the state level 6,536,936,825, totaling over 10,800,600,300 dollars (www. drugsense. com). The failed war on drugs has not stopped drug usage, on the contrary, it has made criminal cartels rich by illegalizing drugs, thus giving them a product to sell, and increased not only the availability and potency of drugs, but, also their rate of usage across the country. For example, after the US has spent over 500 billion dollars to fight drugs, cocaine is now as cheap as it was when kingpin Escobar died and more heavily used, furthermore, methamphetamine, which was barley even a problem in the years following 1993, is now used by over 1. 5 million Americans and is proven to be more addictive than crack (Wells, 2007). The war on drugs has put over 500,000 people behind bars for drug crimes with no discernable effect on the drug trafficking industry, if anything; it has grown (Wells, 2007). When preparing a budget for Harris County, the most important thing that could be done is ending the failed war on drugs, which would save tax payers an estimated 12 billion dollars or more a year. Furthermore, instead of focusing a majority of the states federal budget on building more prisons begin building more universities, and residential communities. I find it interesting to note that the annual cost to tax payers in California to keep and maintain their prisons is around 10 billion per year, if this spending trend continues; California will be spending more on prisons than on universities (Abramsky, 2007). In ending the war on drugs, with the billions that would be saved, tax cuts, business incentives, and an overall increase in the standard of living for the community. Furthermore, instead of building prisons, states could build real, industry that produces’ real goods. References Wells, Ben (2007) How America Lost the War on Drugs Rolling Stone retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. rollingstone. com/news/story/17438347/how_america_lost_the_war_on_drugs Abramsky, Sasha (2007) Prison Crisis: Will California Spend more on jails than Universities? Rights and Liberties retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. alternet. org/rights/65868/? page=entire US Census Bureau (2009) State and County quick facts The US Census Bureau on March 16, 2009 from http://quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/48/48201. html Unknown Author (2009) Drug War Clock Drug Sense retrieved on March 16, 2009 from http://www. drugsense. org/wodclock. htm

Higher Quality Input Phrase To Driven Reverse Dictionary

Higher Quality Input Phrase To Driven Reverse Dictionary Implementing a Higher Quality Input Phrase To Driven Reverse Dictionary E.Kamalanathan  and C.Sunitha Ram ABSTRACT Implementing a higher quality input phrase to driven reverse wordbook. In contrast to a conventional forward wordbook, that map from word to their definitions, a reverse wordbook takes a user input phrase describing the specified construct, and returns a group of candidate words that satisfy the input phrase. This work has important application not just for the final public, notably those that work closely with words, however conjointly within the general field of abstract search. The current a group of algorithms and therefore the results of a group of experiments showing the retrieval accuracy and therefore the runtime latency performance is implementation. The experimental results show that, approach will offer important enhancements in performance scale while not sacrificing the standard of the result. Experiments scrutiny the standard of approach to it of presently on the market reverse dictionaries show that the approach will offer considerably higher quality over either of the opposite presently on the market implementations. Index Terms : Dictionaries, thesauruses, search process, web-based services. . INTRODUCTION A Report work on creating a reverse dictionary, As against a regular (forward) wordbook that maps words to their definitions, a WD performs the converse mapping, i.e., given a phrase describing the required conception, it provides words whose definitions match the entered definition phrase. It’s relevant to language understanding. The approach has a number of the characteristics expected from a strong language understanding system. Firstly, learning solely depends on unannoted text information, which is abundant and contain the individual bias of an observer. Secondly, the approach is predicated on all-purpose resources (Brill’s PoS Tagger, WordNet [7]), and also the performance is studied below negative (hence additional realistic) assumptions, e.g., that the tagger is trained on a regular dataset with doubtless totally different properties from the documents to be clustered. Similarly, the approach studies the potential advantages of victimization all potential senses (and hypernyms) from WordNet, in an endeavor to defer (or avoid altogether) the necessity for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), and also the connected pitfalls of a WSD tool which can be biased towards a particular domain or language vogue BACKGROUND WORK Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Processing (NLP) [6] is a large field which encompasses a lot of categories that are related to this thesis. Specifically NLP is the process of computationally extracting meaningful information of natural languages. In other words: the ability for a computer to interpret the expressive power of natural language. Subcategories of NLP which are relevant for this thesis are presented below. WordNet: WordNet [7], [2]is a large lexical database containing the words of the English language. It resembles the traits of a thesaurus in that it structures words that have similar meaning together. WordNet is something more, since it also specifies different connections for each of the senses of a given word. These connections place words that are semantically related close to one another in a network. WordNet also displays some quality of a dictionary, since it describes the definition of words and their corresponding part-of-speech. Synonym relation is the main connection between words, which means that words which are conceptually equivalent, and thus interchangeable in most contexts, are grouped together. These groupings are called synsets and consist of a definition and relations to other synsets. A word can be part of more than one synset, since it can bear more than one meaning. WordNet has a total of 117 000 synsets, which are linked together. Not all synsets have a distinct path to another synset. This is the case, since the data structure in WordNet is split into four different groups; nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs (since they follow different rules of grammar). Thus it is not possible to compare words in different groups, unless all groups are linked together with a common entity. There are some exceptions which links synsets cross part-of-speech in WordNet, but these are rare. It is not always possible to find a relation between two words within a group, since each group are made of different ba se types. The relations that connect the synsets within the different groups vary based on the type of the synsets. Application Programming Interface Several Application Programming Interfaces (API) exists for WordNet. These allow easy access to the platform and often additional functionality. As an example of this the Java WordNet Library [8] (JWNL) can be mentioned. This allows for access to the WordNet Library files. PoS Tagging PoS tags[8] are assigned to the corpus using Brill’s PoS tagger. As PoS tagging require the words to be in their original order this is done before any other modifications on the corpora. Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is the field which is concerned with analysing a text and assigning different grammatical roles to each entity. These roles are based on the definition of the particular word and the context in which it is written. Words that are in close proximity of each other often affect and assign meaning to each other. The POS taggers job is to assign grammatical roles such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. based upon these relations. The tagging of POS is important in information retrieval in general text processing. This is the case since natural languages contain a lot of ambiguity, which can make distinguishing words/terms difficult. There are two main schools when tagging POS. These are rule-based and stochastic. Examples of the two are Brill’s tagger and Stanford POS tagger, respectively. Rule-based taggers work by applying the most used POS for a given word. Predefined/lexical rules are then applied to the structure for error analysis. Errors are corrected until a satisfying threshold is reached. Stochastic taggers use a trained corpus to determine the POS of a given word. Stopword Removal Stopwords, i.e. words thought not to convey any meaning, are removed from the text. The approach taken in this work does not compile a static list of stopwords, as usually done. Instead PoS information is browbeaten and all tokens that are not nouns, verbs or adjectives are removed. Stop words are words which occur often in text and speech. They do not tell much about the content they are wrapped in, but helps humans understand and interpret the residue of the content. These terms are so generic that they do not mean anything by themselves. In the context of text processing they are basically just empty words, which only takes up space, increases computational time and affects the similarity measure in a way which is not relevant. This can result in false positives. Table: 1 List of Stop words This class includes only one method; which runs through a list of words and removes all occurrences of words specified in a file. A text file, which specifies the stop words, is loaded into the program. This file is called â€Å"stop-words.txt† and is located at the home directory of the program. The text file can be edited such that it only contains the desired stop words. A representation of the stop words used in the text file can be found in table 1. After the list of stop words has been loaded, it is compared to the words in the given list. If a match is found the given word in the list is removed. A list, exposed from stop words, is then returned. Stemming Words with the same meaning appear in various morphological forms. To capture their similarity they are normalised into a common root-form, the stem. The morphology function provided with WordNet is used for stemming, because it only yields stems that are contained in the WordNet dictionary. This class contains five methods; one for converting a list of words into a string, two for stemming a list of words and two for handling the access to WordNet through the JWNL API[8]. The first method listToString() takes an ArrayList of strings and concatenate these into a string representation. The second method stringStemmer() takes an ArrayList of strings and iterates through each word, stemming these by calling the private method wordStemmer(). This method checks if the JWNL API has been loaded and starts stemming by looking up the lemma of a word in WordNet. Before this is done, each word starting with an uppercase letter is checked to see if it can be used as a noun. If the word can be used as a noun, it does not qualify for stemming and is returned in its original form. The lemma lookup is done by using a morphological processor, which is provided by WordNet. This morphs the word into its lemma, after which the word is checked for a match in the database of WordNet. This is done by running through all the specified POS databases defined in WordNet. If a match is found, the lemma of the word is returned, otherwise the original word is simply returned. Lastly, the methods allowing access to WordNet initializes the JWNL API and shuts it down, respectively. The initializer() method gets an instance of the dictionary files and loads the morphological processor. If this method is not called, the program is not able to access the WordNet files. The method close() closes the dictionary files and shuts down the JWNL API. This method is not used in the program, since it would not make sense to uninstall the dictionary once it has been installed. It would only increase the total execution time. It has been implemented for good measure, should it be needed. Stemming[5] is the process of reducing an inflected or derived word to its base form. In other words all morphological deviations of a word are reduced to the same form, which makes comparison easier. The stemmed word is not necessarily returned to its morphological root, but a mutual stem. The morphological deviations of a word have different suffixes, but in essence describe the same. These different variants can therefore be merged into a distinct representative form. Thus a comparison of stemmed words turns up a higher relation for equivalent words. In addition storing becomes more effective. Words like observes, observed, observation, observationally should all be reduced to a mutual stem such as observe. PROPOSED SYSTEM Reverse dictionaries approach can provide significantly higher quality. The proposed a set of methods for building and querying a reverse dictionary. Reverse dictionary system is based on the notion that a phrase that conceptually describes a word should resemble the word’s actual definition, if not matching the exact words, then at least conceptually similar. Consider, for example, the following concept phrase: â€Å"talks a lot, but without much substance.† Based on such a phrase, a reverse dictionary should return words such as â€Å"gabby,† â€Å"chatty,† and â€Å"garrulous.† Forward mapping (standard dictionary): Intuitively, a forward mapping designates all the senses for a particular word phrase. This is expressed in terms of a forward map set (FMS). The FMS of a (word) phrase W, designated by F(W) is the set of (sense) phrases {S1, S2, . . . Sn } such that for each Sj à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ F(Wi), (Wi à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Sj) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ D. For example, suppose that the term â€Å"jovial† is associated with various meanings, including â€Å"showing high-spirited merriment† and â€Å"pertaining† to the god Jove, or Jupiter.† Here, F (jovial) would contain both of these phrases. Reverse mapping (reverse dictionary): Reverse mapping applies to terms and is expressed as a reverse map set (RMS). The RMS of t, denoted R(t), is a set of phrases { P1, P2, Pi,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, Pm}, such that à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Pi à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ R(t), t à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ F(Pi). Intuitively, the reverse map set of a term t consists of all the (word) phrases in whose definition t appears. The find candidate words phase consists of two key sub steps: 1) Build the RMS. 2) Query the RMS. A. COMPONENTS The first preprocessing step is to PoS tag the corpus. The PoS tagger relies on the text structure and morphological differences to determine the appropriate part-of-speech. For this reason, if it is required, PoS tagging is the first step to be carried out. After this, stopword removal is performed, followed by stemming. This order is chosen to reduce the amount of words to be stemmed. The stemmed words are then looked up in WordNet and their corresponding synonyms and hypernyms are added to the bag-of-words. Once the document vectors are completed in this way, the frequency of each word across the corpus can be counted and every word occurring less often than the pre specified threshold is pruned. Stemming, stopword removal and pruning all aim to improve clustering quality by removing noise, i.e. meaningless data. They all lead to a reduction in the number of dimensions in the term-space. Weighting is concerned with the estimation of the importance of individual terms. All of these have been used extensively and are considered the baseline for comparison in this work. However, the two techniques under investigation both add data to the representation. a PoS tagging adds syntactic information and WordNet is used to add synonyms and hypernyms. B. BUILDING REVERSE MAPPING SETS The input phrases sentence is split into words and then removes the stop words ( a, be, person, some, someone, too, very, who, the, in, of, and, to) if any appears, and find other words, which is having same meaning from the forward dictionary data sources. Given the large size of dictionaries, creating such mappings on the fly is infeasible. Thus, Procreate these Rs for every relevant term in the dictionary. This is a one time, offline event; once these mappings exist, we can use them for ongoing lookup. Thus, the cost of creating the corpus has no effect on runtime performance. For an input dictionary D, we create R mappings for all terms appearing in the sense phrases (definitions) in D. C. RMS QUERY This module responds to user input phrases. Upon receiving such an input phrase, we query the R indexes already present in the database to find candidate words whose definitions have any similarity to the input phrase. Upon receiving an input phrase U, we process U using a stepwise refinement approach. We start off by extracting the core terms from U, and searching for the candidate words (Ws) whose definitions contain these core terms exactly. (Note that we tune these terms slightly to increase the probability of generating Ws) If this first step does not generate a sufficient number of output Ws, defined by a tuneable input parameter ÃŽ ±, which represents the minimum number of word phrases needed to halt processing and return output. D. CANDIDATE WORD RANKING In this module sorts a set of output Ws in order of decreasing similarity to U, based on the semantic similarity. To build such a ranking, we need to be able to assign a similarity measure for each (S,U) pair, where U is the user input phrase and S is a definition for some W in the candidate word set O. Wn and Palmer’s Conceptual similarity, WUP Similarity between concepts a and b in a hierarchy, Here depth(lso(a,b)) is the global depth of the lowest super ordinate of a and b and len(a,b) is the length of the path between the nodes a and b in the hierarchy SOLUTION ARCHITECTURE We now describe our implementation architecture, with particular attention to design for scalability. The Reverse Dictionary Application (RDA) is a software module that takes a user phrase (U) as input, and returns a set of conceptually related words as output. Figure 1. Architecture of reverse dictionary. The user input phrase, split the word from the input phrase, perform the stemming. Predict every relevant term in the forward dictionary data source. In the generate query. input phrase, minimum and maximum output thresholds as input, then removal of level 1 stop words ( a, be, person, some, someone, too, very, who, the, in, of, and, to) and perform stemming, generate the query.Execute the query find the set of candidate words. Finally sort the result based on the semantic similarity EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT Our experimental environment consisted of two 2.2 GHz dual-core CPU, 2 GB RAM servers running Windows XP pro and above. On one server, we installed our implementation our algorithms (written in Java). The other server housed is wordnet dictionary data. CONCLUSION We describe the many challenges inherent in building a reverse lexicon, and map drawback to the well-known abstract similarity problem. We tend to propose a collection of strategies for building and querying a reverse lexicon, and describe a collection of experiments that show the standard of our results, similarly because the runtime performance underneath load. Our experimental results show that our approach will give important enhancements in performance scale while not sacrificing answer quality. The higher quality input phrase to driven reverse dictionary. Unlike a traditional forward dictionary, which maps from words to their definitions, a reverse dictionary takes a user input phrase describing the desired concept, it reduce the well-known conceptual similarity problem. The set of methods building a reverse mapping querying a reverse dictionary and it produces the higher quality of results. This approach can provide significant improvements in performance scale without sacrificing solution quality but for larger query it is fairly slow. REFERENCES T. Dao and T. Simpson, â€Å"Measuring Similarity between Sentences,† 2009. http://opensvn.csie.org/WordNetDotNet/trunk/ Projects/ T. Hofmann, â€Å"Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing,† SIGIR ’99: Proc. 22nd Ann. Int’l ACM SIGIR Conf. Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 50-57, 1999. D. Lin, â€Å"An Information-Theoretic Definition of Similarity,† Proc .Int’l Conf. Machine Learning, 1998. M. Porter, â€Å"The Porter Stemming Algorithm,†http://tartarus.org/martin/PorterStemmer/ , 2009. G. Miller, C. Fellbaum, R. Tengi, P. Wakefield, and H. Langone, â€Å"Wordnet Lexical Database,† http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet/download/, 2009. P. Resnik, â€Å"Semantic Similarity in a Taxonomy: An Information-Based Measure and Its Application to Problems of Ambiguity in Natural Language,† J. Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 11, pp. 95- 130, 1999. AUTHORS PROFILE E Kamalanathan is pursuing his Master of Engineering (part time ) from Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCSVMV University Enathur,

Hamlet Claudius Suicide

Hamlet Claudius Suicide In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the main character Hamlet has both internal and external conflicts. Hamlet grieves for the death of his father and is angry that Claudius killed him. He also contemplates suicide and is constantly thinking about certain tasks he has to accomplish. Hamlet is under a great deal of pressure and anxiety. We see how Hamlet responds to both the internal and external conflicts. Hamlet is very depressed because of his fathers death and he is very upset that Gertrude married Claudius so quickly. This leads hamlet to one of his first conflicts, which is suicide. Hamlet initially speaks of suicide in his first soliloquy. He ponders why he should live with all of this chaos but Hamlet overcomes this internal conflict because he concludes that suicide is a sin. â€Å"O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew, Or that the Everlasting had not fixd His canon gainst self-slaughter.   O God!   God!† (Act 1, sc 2, lines 131-61.) Later on in the play, he meets his father in ghost form. His father informs Hamlet that he needs to get revenge against Claudius because he was the one that killed him. Hamlet is shocked and disgusted by this information and wants justice for his father. In the meantime, Hamlet puts on a show of craziness until he comes up with a plan to kill Claudius. Polonius believes Hamlet is acting crazy because of his recent breakup with Ophelia. When Polonius tries to talk to prince Hamlet, Hamlet acts immature, but Polonius doesnt know that Hamlet is pretending to be mad. This shows you how clever Hamlet is and how he reacts to his conflicts in various ways. Throughout the rest of the play he faces many conflicts. He is having trouble with avenging his fathers death and he doesnt know if he has the courage to kill Claudius. For the second time he contemplates suicide. â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?† -(Act 3, sc 1, lines 64-98) In this soliloquy, Hamlet ponders suicide but, he is afraid of what will happen or where he will go after death. Hamlet is unselfish and doesnt take action; he overcomes this internal conflict and chooses to live. Hamlets reactions to the internal and external conflicts show him to be an intelligent and complicated character. He is overcome with different problems whether it is internally or externally. Many times he considers suicide but, is troubled by the consequences or the destination of his soul. Hamlet is bothered knowing that he killed more people then just Claudius. If Claudius wasnt a power hungry person, then none of this would have happened. So as you can see Hamlet has a lot of problems inside and out of him and he confronts them in different ways.

Essay --

Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian American author who likes to write mainly about the experiences of other Indian Americans. She is a very successful author. She won the Pulitzer Prize for her first novel and her fiction appears in The New Yorker often. One of those works from 1998 is a short story, â€Å"A Temporary Matter†, about a husband and a wife, Shukumar and Shoba, whose electricity will be temporarily cut off for one hour for five days. This seems simple enough, but as you read the story you find that maybe it’s their marriage that might be the â€Å"temporary matter† itself. The title is interesting from the beginning. It gives us hints about the setting, the characters and their situation, as well as plants the whole theme of the story. The story circles around two big things, the death of a baby and Shukumar and Shoba’s failing marriage. Although this is the case, it also focuses a lot on the little things. Lahiri uses small details to point out the pain and lack of communication between Shukumar and Shoba. When Shukumar thinks back to the last time he saw Shoba pregnant, he doesn’t remember if she looked happy or sad, he remembers the much smaller things, such as the cab. â€Å"Each time he thought of that moment, the last moment he saw Shoba pregnant, it was the cab he remembered most, a station wagon, painted red with blue lettering. It was cavernous compared to their own car. Although Shukumar was six feet tall, with hands too big ever to rest comfortably in the pockets of his jeans, he felt dwarfed in the back seat.† As incon siderate as it may seem, this is actually how many people remember important events in their lives. Important events don’t go through our memory as sequential narratives, but in a series of random feelings, sens... ... all of the little, yet important details. In the end, we understand that all this time Shoba has been trying to tell Shukumar that she has been looking for apartments and finally found one. Shukumar is relieved, yet sickened by the thought of her wanting a life separate from him. This shakes him into sharing information that is sacred to Shoba in hopes that it would always be her mystery; the sex of their baby. We are left with a cliffhanger. All we know is the information the last sentence provides us, â€Å"They wept together, for the first time in their lives, for the things they now knew.† Possibly them weeping is a sign of them coming together to grieve. It marks another turning point in their lives, much like when they lost their child. We just don’t know if that turning point is them staying together or weeping in knowing that they are going their separate ways.

Essay --

Lonnie Young III Susan Trudeau College Writing 25 November 2013 University College Program Today’s colleges are more geared towards admission requirements such as GPAs, standardized test scores, and advanced placement scores to accept students. Students are often denied for admission because their standardized test scores or grades are below the average scores. Some of the students might attend community colleges in order to transfer into the college of their choice or go to the University College Program. The University College Program at UDM is a secondary admission program. This program is for students who have not met all the university admission requirements. Students in the program must sign a contract to participate in support services the university has to offer. The contract plays an important role in the day to day life of UCP students. The contract not only includes several obligations for student in the program to obey, but also for admission into the program immediately. The reasons why the contract used are to keep students on the straight and narrow, academic dish...

Microeconomic

What has been happening to the exchange rate of the US$? Give reasons. How is the exchange rate of a currency determined? If the value goes down will that help or hurt the trade deficit?This year, the US dollar continued its long-expected slide. The Economic Intelligence Unit (2007) reported that the dollar had shown substantial resilience in recent months, even though investors were convinced that the Federal Reserve would not raise short-term interest rates again during this cycle. But interest rate and growth differentials are moving strongly against the dollar and investors are again shifting their attention to the US’s massive external deficits.This will result in the dollar losing further value, averaging US$1.36: â‚ ¬1 and Y105: US$1 in 2007. We then expect a moderate and gradual recovery of the dollar against the euro as the US economy emerges from its weakness in 2007. Nevertheless, room for appreciation will be limited by the current-account deficit, the share of GDP of which will be reduced only gradually. The dollar should continue to weaken against the yen in 2008.As an exchange rate is the rate at which one country’s currency can be traded for another country’s currency, the U.S. exchange rate is influenced country’s income, a country’s prices, the interest rate in a country, and the country’s trade policy. That means that changes in a country’s income, changes in a country’s prices, changes in interest rates, and changes in trade policy can cause the supply of and demand for a currency to shift (Colander 2004).If the exchange rate of the dollar continues to go down, it will definitely help to diminish the trade deficit. This means the United States’ demand for imports will be lowered and foreign countries’ demand for U.S. exports will become higher because of the low dollar exchange rate. After years of having large trade deficits, the US now experienced a lowered exchange r ate because a trade deficit often leads to a global excess supply of that country’s currency. With everything else equal, the exchange rate should undergo pressure to depreciate because of this excess supply; with freely floating rates, it can do so. Then the exchange rate change passes through to affect the relative prices of imports and exports.2. What has been happening to the price of oil on international markets? Discuss the different impacts that this has on the economy, the producers, consumers, pollution, alternative fuels etc.Oil price increases over the past years have been an issue is closely watched and debated because of its huge impacts around the world. For example, a report by the International Energy Agency (May 2004) deemed that â€Å"higher oil prices since 1999 – partly the result of OPEC supply-management policies – contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001†. Another result of which is that â€Å"current cyclical uptur n† lagged behind because the â€Å"world GDP growth may have been at least half a percentage point higher in the last two or three years had prices remained at mid-2001 levels†.The IEA report (May 2004) pointed out that â€Å"higher prices are contributing to stubbornly high levels of unemployment and exacerbating budget-deficit problems in many†¦ oil-importing countries†. It furthered that the continued increase in oil prices will be deadlier to developing countries because â€Å"their economies are more dependent on imported oil and more energy-intensive and because energy is used less efficiently†. The report informed that â€Å"oil-importing developing countries use more than twice as much oil to produce a unit of economic output† and when oil prices are high, their efforts in development will surely be affected.However, in the closer analysis, higher oil prices could do more good than bad in the world economy. The Economist Intelligence Un it ViewsWire (May 2006) deemed that although higher oil prices directly worsen a developing country’s trade balance and its current-account deficit that could also reduce corporate profitability and disposable income†, this reduction in domestic demand (the painful part), combined with a depreciation in the exchange rate, should be helpful in boosting exports and cut imports. In the end, higher oil prices are helping restore a country's current-account to its previous position. This is the reason why some developing countries in Asia have been hardly hit by higher oil prices in the recent years.With continued oil price increases, it will also lessen pollution because people will naturally look for alternative fuels which will be more environmentally-friendly. This will distribute the income from alternative fuels and oil-producing countries, which will eventually stabilize in the future, if the demand for oil will become lower. Car manufacturers will also try their hand in making their products more efficient with the use of fuel. All these improvements will serve up to the benefit of everyone, whether oil exporting or importing countries, because the oil resources are not limitless and should be conserved for the future generation.3.   How equally is income distributed in the US? What are the reasons? Should the government interfere? If so how and what would be the consequences? How important is social pressure in CEO pay?Income distribution in the United States has a wide disparity. This means that, in 2000, the top 5 percent highest income earners has incomes 19 times higher than the incomes of the bottom 20 percent (Bernstein, 2003). Moreover, according to Swann (2005), the average personal income fell by 0.1 percent in August 2005, depressed by weak wage growth and the effects of hurricane Katrina on income in the affected states. Wages rose by just 0.2 per cent – failing to keep pace with a 0.5 per cent rise in prices. Meanwhile the savings rate remained in negative territory, but improved slightly from -1.1 per cent to -0.7 per cent.However, a recent study entitled â€Å"Changes in the Economic Resources of Low- Income Households with Children† conducted by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that from 1991 to 2005 an average household incomes among families that had children under age 18, the average household income for the lowest quintile of families with children increased from $12,400 in 1991 to $16,800 in 2005. These figures reflect inflation-adjusted dollars and are expressed in 2005 purchasing power. That 14-year change represented a total real increase of 35.5 percent, which reflects a yearly average of 2.2 percent (Washington Times, 10 June 2007).The government should interfere if there is a wide income gap because the general public will exhibit perplexity and annoyance to the growing pay gap between CEOs and other workers. However, organized resistance has been largely confined t o groups with direct financial interests, such as pension funds. When the business community has deemed it necessary to justify executive pay, it has couched explanations in terms of contributions to shareholder profits rather than involving itself in income disparity issues. Its stance has been that if the public could only be helped to understand the role of the executives in enhancing the wealth of the corporation, controversy would evaporate.Works CitedBernstein, Jared. The Hierarchy Income Inequality in the United States. Multinational Monitor, 24.5 (May 2003). Retrieved June 14, 2007Colander, David C. Economics, 5th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004.EIU ViewsWire. Asia Economy: Do High Oil Prices=Low Growth? May 11, 2006.EIU ViewsWire. USA: Currency Forecast, May 24, 2007.International Energy Agency. Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy, May 2004. Retrieved June 14, 2007.Swann, Christopher. USA Economy: US Personal Income and Spending Sli ps, EIU ViewsWire, September 30, 2005.The Washington Times. News on Family Incomes, June 10, 2007, p. B02.

Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough

Introduction engross that part of the chronicle, when the first interactions amidst the domestic Indians and the British settlers. Mostly, it began with the initial hesitation, mutual distrust, sky battles ensued, lots of bloodshed resulted with personnel casualty of kind lives on either side, the true and nobleman emotions of the human beings p mystifyed their part, love episodes between the white man and black beauties happened. Did it c be to smooth the relations between thusly tribes and the settlers, or worsened the situation resulting in more mistrust and bloodshed. Many constrains make it in the path of writing the account of the sixteenth century and what really happened in Jamestown, in the absence of au becausetic diachronic records as for the conditions and partings of the autochthonal Indians. British historians nominate sidetracked many facts, according to Helen Rountree and she has tendered archeological evidences to take the stand her findings.The Lives C hangedPocahontas is regarded as the most famous native Ameri suffer who ever lived, hailed from the native tribes. precisely as documented by the historians, during the mathematical process of settlement of Jamestown and for two subsequent centuries, the bulky Tribal chiefs, Powhatan and Opechancanough took the front seats. Pocahontas demanded lots of charge for diametrical reasons. Opechancanough captured the British captain crapper Smith. To allay his skin and perhaps his spirit from his unpredictable captor, tail end Smith came away with certain original ideas to impress his captors in that land of uncertainties for the early adventurous settlers.He gave his captor a compass, and told him the details about a spherical earth which revolved roughly the sun. He had apprehensions whether his captor was a man-eater in which case Smiths manner was in danger. That was a maltreat assumption he was no cannibal but he knew that the earth was flat. washstand Smith was duly presented before the prevailing chief Powhatan. The jibeing had positive results as for behind Smith. He got an opport hotshot to meet Powhatans daughter Pocahontas. Thinking him to be a good individual and believe that he had a firm ally, he released Smith from captivity. Within the next some decades his people were the subjects of the British Crown.The 400th anniversary of Jamestowns foundingHelen Rountree is a nationwide known scholar of Native Americans. Historians could non get much of the events that shaped the lives of Powhatan or Opechancanough, but Rountrees obligate fills up this lacuna. Pocahontas steals the lime at large(p) as for the remarkable life that she lived. All the leash historical figures entertain been adequately covered in the harbour. The initial introduction, the interaction period and the final coming upon between the natives with the position settlers have been taken into fib. An interesting turn to the events of the era was the intrigue diplomacy following the hymeneals of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. This personal event was against the social traditions then practiced by the tribal. During Opechancanoughs die to a great extent the native sovereignty came to an end.The essential deviance between the writing and recordings of the British Historians and Helen RountreeThe book write from the ethno-historical angle, Rountree has utilized two crucial tools required for honestly constructing historical factsanthropology and written records. The writers among the white settles did their own job. Their writings remained unchallenged, whether compensate or wrong, because there was not an separate(prenominal) writer, who could tell facts. By no account English can be termed as heroes. They were Tassantassas (strangers), squatters and invaders. The truth must be told, feels Rountree and she has constructed her recordings in an authentic manner on the flat coat of facts and evidences.When romance scores over news repor tHi trading floor is an interesting subject history with romance is very interesting. Historical legend novels atomic number 18 good playing estate for the imaginative movies to sprout. For one thing, the historical fictional characters lay quietly in their graves and they are not desirely to challenge your random variable of their romance. John Smith, known in his twenty-four hour period as a bad boy, would not have done anything good for the cardinal years newborn Princess Pocahonas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan. Did she play a role to save John Smiths who was jug by the Tribal Chiefcant say but her contribution to lessen the tension between the colonists and the natives was marked and mentioned prominently by the historians. She married Jon Rolfe, a British nobleman. She learned to speak English. She choose the Christian religion.She moved to London and became a lady. In the mean beat, Powhatan tried and did his best for unity between the natives and colonists. He seemed to have succeeded for a while but later the conflicts resumed.The domineering and scientific overture to writing by Helen RountreeRountree writes without any prejudice, and calls spade a spade. She has termed the British settlers as invaders and rightly so. The book intensely covers the period from 1607 to 1644.She has highlighted three important points, a) Virginia companionships settlement in Jamestown, b) alloy of relations between colonists and natives and c) the wars of 1622 and 1644. She has transcendn expand description about the pre-invasion life of the tribes, highlighting the importance of rituals in their life. She has mentioned the different lifestyles and environments, and shown how set were entirely different. The contents of the book give the overall picture of the founding of Jamestown from the Indian point of view.Jamestowns founding approaches, nationally renowned scholar of Native Americans, Helen Rountree, provides in a single book the definitive b iographies of these three important figures. In their lives we see the firm arc of Indian experience with the English settlers from the wary initial encounters presided over by Powhatan, to the uneasy diplomacy characterized by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, to the warfare and eventual loss of native sovereignty that came during Opechancanoughs reign. ( three.)Rountree, with her scholarly approach gives facts about seventeenth-century Powhatan culture. It is being appreciated by the scholars for the wealth of understanding it brings. The lay readers like it for the personable prose and lively narrative structure. Her interpretations are backed up by careful, refreshing research-based reasoning and extensive knowledge.To get the truth, sieving the unilateral and none-sided approach of the British historians is a lubber task and Rountree has managed her job well, despite hard constrains. Powhatan lacked a written language. She has relied upon evidence derived from arc haeology. She has highlighted Powhatans own vocabulary of seasons linked to different forms of food getting. One feels of getting the other side of the storythe real story In particular, the three main subjects of the book all begin to emergePowhatan and Openchancanough from their sexual relation obscurity, and Pocahontas from the myths that have surrounded her since at to the lowest degree the nineteenth century. Just in time for 2007, they appear with all of the complexity of character and motivation that the history books have typically reserved for only a a few(prenominal) of the strangers like John Smith. (Virginia.)Hollywood portrayalsWhen Disney Studios released the 1995 movie, Pocahontas, Dr. Rountree subsequently devoted(p) many interviews to debunking the myths surrounding the young girl who, today, plays such a opposite role in the American imagination. late Hollywood movie The New realness is released. This movie is an adult version of the Pocahontas and John Smith romance. The four hundredth anniversary of Jamestowns founding was inaugurated, May 2006, that entrust last for 18 months.ConclusionHelen Rountrees credit and achievements through this book can be summed up thus. She has thrown fresh light on the life and culture of the native Indians. One is able to understand Jamestown in a better perspective. The indigenous voices are heard. She has shown how important are the lives of Pocahonas, Powhatan and Openchancanough to understand what happened in and to Jamestown in the sixteenth century.References CitedRountree, Helan C. Book Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown. Publisher University of Virginia twitch Edition (June 15, 2006) ISBN-10 0813925967 ISBN-13 978-0813925967Article Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown. Target.comwww.target.com/gp/product/0813925967) Retrieved on seventeenth September 2007.Virginia Magazine of History and career Article Powhatan, Opechancanough Three Indian Lives Cha nged by Jamestown...www.vahistorical.org/publications/review_rountree.htm 9k Retrieved on 17th September 17, 2007

Child Development Essay

The Montessori mode of teaching regularity is one of the very unusual approaches of educating young chel arn that has been found on the experiences and research of educator and physician maria Montessori (18701952). The method basic solelyy arose from what Dr. Montessoris find outed and named it the the infants normal nature back in 1907 (Montessori, 1972). This happened during one of her experimental observations with young peasantren who had been given the independence they need d in an environment that was in full prepargond with all the materials and was specifically designed to raise their self-directed learning experiences (Montessori, 1977).Factor generating an amazing babeLaw of WillA babys phylogenesis of will has been regarded as one of the equitys of instruction as per Montessoris observations. She herself has clearly indicated how she observed this violatement of a sisters will. When a child does every action beneficial by himself, without having any f orm of assistance, this clearly signifies the fact the child is consciously making decisions. In this regard therefore, the will should be treated as a form of carriage that mainly comes to the light of ken (Montessori, 1972). Will and is not a strength that is be possessed ofed by the child at birth it is rather in potential. It is one of the slow processes of outgrowth that is brought into effect finished continuous interactions within the surrounding environment. Since it is the nature that brings into consciousness this configuration of force, the information of a childs will dos him to greatly develop the power that he has been given by nature (Montessori, 1988).Law of news showAccording to Montessori, this happens to be the key that opens the necessary mechanisms bear on in true teaching method. This law states that intelligence unspoiled helps a child to better understand sustenance it thus prepares a child for future facts of life (Montessori, 1977). The Monte ssori thus argued that if the environment was well prepared, this would greatly help the child to interact effectively with his environment and to earn his mind. Intellectual development is important as it helps a child to cognise as well as explore the environment. Through the developing senses, a child is endowed with the necessary mechanism of interacting with the environment (Montessori, 1972).Montessori philosophy of educationMaria Montessori early on in the 20th century had the intuition that even in the beginning a child is of age 3, various functions in that child are constantly macrocosm created in a mental process and only after 3 that they develop. Montessori thus strongly believed that it is the instinctive laws that decree the development of any child. She thus assumed that as a child hits three years old, all of the unconscious preparation needed for future exercise and development has already been established. One of the childs unconscious goals is the develop ment of mental functions. It should just be noted that these kind of immanent laws which basically enjoin the psychic growth of the child are revealed through his developmental process (Montessori, 1972).Maria Montessori was competent to discover just by observing children the phenomenon of what she called irritable periods of an hygroscopic mind as well as ingrained laws that governs the physic development of children.She thus named these kind of natural laws 1 natural law of independence, 2) natural law of work,3) natural law of will, 5) natural law of attention, 4) natural law of intelligence, 6) natural law of creativity and imagination, 7) the 4 planes of growth and 8 natural law of un dischargeny and emotional life) (Montessori, 1988).With this kind of sureization, Montessori was determined to see that the education system gained a new goal and this is to move in sure that the child was assisted by the teachers and directors to braid out into a human being that he or she was created to be (Montessori, 1972). She argued that, the only way to be bale to help a child is if we know the Nature of the child, since then we are in a good position to help him to fully develop all of his inward powers so that he can grow from being a helpless(prenominal) prick into a responsible mature citizen. This approach by Montessori thus values the believe that a childs main goal since birth is to just but develop all of his potentials according to a certain physic pattern that he does possess even before his birth (Montessori, 1977).In real practice, Montessori method has only been applied with some kind of varying degrees of strict adherence to the main philosophies, though it is generally agreed that they all somehow bring to some of her writings (Polk and Montessori, 1988). The result has been that there are some people who strictly adhere to both one of these philosophies, while there draw been some other group that have seen it wise to develop a uniqu e concepts all based on description of her philosophies and writings. There are thus several(prenominal) concepts that are now widely accepted by several practitioners and which are said to be consistent with the teachings of Montessori method. These concepts have been developed from different laws (Montessori, 1972).Montessori fundamentals and intuitionsThe application of this method requires that the teacher views the child as a being having a kind of inner natural intrinsical guidance for her or his own self-directed development which in reality is the only perfect method according to Montessori (Montessori, 1988). The major role of the director, teacher, directress, or suck is basically therefore to watch over the childs environment and make sure that it has no obstacles that capability interfere with the natural and perfect development of the child (Montessori, 1977). Part of the role of the teacher might in addition include experimental interactions with the children unde r his or her care, and this is what Montessori referrers to as lessons, with the aim of resolving wrong demeanor or maybe to demonstrate to the children how they are so-called to make use of the self-teaching materials (Montessori, 1972).Due to the childs unique sensitivity and instincts to various conditions in the environment, this method has only been recommended to be applied to young children (2-6). though this be the case, the method has in some instances also been applied to elementary age (612) school loss children and at other times with toddlers and infants. Though with less frequency, the method is also applicable to high and plaza school level students (Montessori, 1977).ConclusionTo be able to develop themselves fully, children need a special inner tutor which Montessori referred to as absorbent mind and sensitive period. The natural laws that govern the child normal psychic developments are revealed during his development. This philosophy by Montessori Method has h owever remained confused and obscure since many claim that her 1907 denudation was purely accidental. The result of the criticism and questioning of her method has resulted to Montessori philosophies and organizations expanding considerably with three main philosophies thus developing.